Study ID (source if not primary reference), sample, efficacy analyses, type of evaluation	Intervention(s) and comparator (N in analysis)	Perspective(s), type of currency, price year, time horizon	Cost items measured	Mean (SD) intervention cost per person	Healthcare service costs	Incremental cost per fall prevented/per QALY gained
•Buchner 1997 •Patients from a HMO, mild deficits in strength and balance, mean age 75 years •Analysis •Cost analysis	•Centre‐based endurance training or strength training, or both, supervised for 24 to 26 weeks then self‐supervised (N = 75) vs no intervention (N = 30)	•HMO •US dollar •Not specified (presumed 1992) •Period 7 to 18 months after randomisation	•Hospital costs, ancillary outpatient costs (from HMO computerised records)	‐	•Hospitalised control participants more likely to have hospital costs > USD 5000 (P < 0.05) •Ancillary outpatient costs 7 ‐ 18 months after randomisation: Exercise: USD 270 Control: USD 285 (no significant difference)	‐
•Campbell 1997 and Campbell 1999 (Robertson 2001b) •Women aged ≥ 80 years from 17 general practices, mean age (SD) 84.1 (3.3) years •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis	•Specific set of muscle strengthening and balance retraining exercises individually prescribed at home (OEP) by physiotherapist, 4 home visits and monthly phone calls in year 1, phone contact only in year 2 (N = 116) vs social visits and usual care (N = 117)	•Societal •New Zealand dollar •1995 •During participation in trial (up to 2 years)	•Intervention costs (recruitment, programme delivery, overheads) •Healthcare costs resulting from falls (actual costs of hospital admissions and outpatient services, estimates of GP visits and other costs) •Total healthcare resource use (actual costs of hospital admissions and outpatient services)	In research setting: •NZD 173 (0) in year 1 •NZD 22 (0) in year 2	•No difference between the 2 groups for healthcare costs resulting from falls or for total healthcare costs •27% of hospital admission costs during trial resulted from falls	At 1 year: •NZD 314 per fall prevented (programme implementation costs only) At 2 years: •NZD 265 per fall prevented (programme implementation costs only)
•Dangour 2011 (Walker 2009) •People aged 65 to 67.9 years living in low‐middle socioeconomic status municipalities in Santiago, Chile •Analysis •Cost analysis	•Multicomponent exercise classes, 2 x 1‐hour supervised classes a week for 24 months (10 health centres, N = 854) vs remainder (10 health centres, N = 811)	•Societal and health system •Chilean peso converted to US dollar •2007 •During 2‐year trial	From 93 exit interviews: •Physical activity intervention	•USD 164 for physical activity intervention	‐	•Not calculated (neither intervention reduced risk of falling; cost‐effectiveness of physical activity intervention reported as USD 4.84 per extra metre walked)
•Davis 2011 (Liu‐Ambrose 2010) •Community‐living women aged 65 to 75 years •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis, cost‐utility analysis	•Once weekly resistance training (N = 54) vs twice‐weekly balance and tone classes (N = 49) •Twice‐weekly resistance training (N = 51) vs twice‐weekly balance and tone classes (N = 49)	•Health service •Canadian dollar •2008 •9 months	•Costs of delivering the interventions (staff time, room use, equipment, building overhead costs); visits to health professionals; all visits, admissions, and procedures in hospital; laboratory and diagnostic tests	•CAD 353 once‐weekly resistance training •CAD 706 twice‐weekly resistance training •CAD 706 twice‐weekly balance and tone classes	•Mean healthcare costs resulting from falls, mean total healthcare costs respectively: CAD 547, CAD 1379 once‐weekly resistance training •CAD 184, CAD 1684 twice‐weekly resistance training •CAD 162, CAD 1772 twice‐weekly balance and tone classes	•Both once‐ and twice‐weekly resistance training dominated balance and tone classes in terms of both falls and QALYs (i.e. less costly, more effective)
•Day 2002 (McLean 2015) •Community‐dwelling people identified from the electoral roll, mean age 76.1 years •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis Cost‐utility analysis	Exercise group, 1‐hour class a week, 15 weeks, plus daily home exercises designed by physiotherapist (N = 135) vs no intervention (N = 137)	•Healthcare •Australian dollar (costs converted from Australian Ddllar to GBP using 2010 purchasing‐power parity) •2010 •18 months	•Intervention cost (labour, equipment, venue hire, music and consumables) •Healthcare costs: (General Practitioner, ambulance services, emergency department visits, hospital admissions)	•AUD 52	•AUD 33. for exercise group; AUD 39. for control group	ICER per: •Fall prevented 652 •Injurious fall prevented 1176 •Fracture prevented 26,236 •QALY 51,483
•Iliffe 2014 and Iliffe 2015 •Community‐dwelling people with mean age 73 years •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis Cost‐utility analysis	1. home‐based Otago exercise programme (OEP) (N = 410) 30 minutes, 3 a week, 24 weeks vs Control group: no intervention (N = 457) 2. Community centre‐based Falls Management Exercise (FaME) group (N = 387) 1 hour, weekly + home exercises based on OEP 30 minutes, 2 a week for 24 weeks vs Control group: no intervention (N = 457) 3. OEP vs FaME	•Healthcare •GBP •2011 •52 weeks	•Cost of delivering the intervention (venue hire, procurement of exercise equipment, instructors, training and reimbursement of instructors and mentors). •Cost of primary care service use (GP, practice nurse, out‐of‐hours, other).	OEP London = GBP 88, Nottingham = GBP 117 FaME: London = GBP 269; Nottingham = GBP 218	OEP GBP 404; FaME GBP 412.; usual care GBP 367	Cost‐effectiveness analysis not conducted due to no between‐group difference in QALY
•Kemmler 2010 •Women aged ≥ 65 living independently •Analysis 4.1, 4.2 •Cost analysis	•Multicomponent exercise, 2 60‐minute classes and 2 20‐minute home training sessions weekly for 18 months (N = 115) vs control (low‐intensity exercise classes 60 minutes once‐weekly for 10 weeks followed by 10 weeks of rest) (N = 112) •All participants received calcium (1500 m/d) and cholecalciferol (500 IU/d) supplements	•Health system •Euro (Germany) •Not specified •During participation in 18‐month trial	•Total healthcare costs (no details provided)	‐	•EUR 2255 (2596) exercise group and EUR 2780 (3318) control group for mean total healthcare costs (P = 0.20)	‐
• Liu‐Ambrose 2008 (Davis 2009) •Women and men aged ≥ 70 years recruited from 2 referral‐based falls clinics •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis	•Specific set of muscle strengthening and balance retraining exercises individually prescribed at home (OEP) by trained physiotherapist for 1 year (N = 36) vs guideline care (N = 38) •All participants received falls risk assessment, comprehensive geriatric assessment and treatment	•Health system •Canadian dollar •Not specified •12 months	•Cost of delivering the intervention •Cost of the falls clinic	•CAD 14,285	‐	•CAD 247 per fall prevented (comparable to incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios in New Zealand studies of the Otago Exercise Program)
•Robertson 2001a •Men and women aged ≥ 75 years from 17 general practices, mean (SD) age 80.9 (4.2) years •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis	•Specific set of muscle‐strengthening and balance‐retraining exercises individually prescribed at home (OEP) by trained district nurse, supervised by physiotherapist, 5 home visits and monthly phone calls for 1 year (N = 121) vs usual care (N = 119)	•Health system •New Zealand dollar •1998 •During participation in 1‐year trial	•Intervention costs (training, recruitment, programme delivery, supervision of exercise instructor, overheads) •Hospital admission costs resulting from fall injuries during trial (actual costs of hospital admissions)	In community health service setting: •NZD 432 (0) for 1 year	•5 hospital admissions due to fall injuries in control group, none in exercise group (cost savings of NZD 47,818)	•NZD 1803 per fall prevented (programme implementation costs only) ‐ NZD 7471 per injurious fall prevented (programme implementation costs only) •NZD 155 per fall prevented (programme implementation costs and hospital admission cost savings) ‐ NZD 640 per injurious fall prevented (programme implementation costs and hospital admission cost savings)
•Sherrington 2014 (Farag 2015a) •Community‐dwelling people aged 60 years and over, discharged from hospital •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis Cost‐utility analysis	•Weight‐bearing Exercise for Better Balance (WEBB) programme, 15 – 20 minutes up to 6 times weekly for 12 months (N = 171) vs usual care (N = 169)	•Health and community care funder perspective (Australia) •Australian Dollar •2012 •1 year	•Costs of delivering the interventions (travel, staff, equipment, phone calls) •Cost of health service use (respite care, residential aged care, hospital admission, emergency department presentation, general practitioner, specialist and nursing services, allied health, social support services)	AUD 751 for WEBB AUD 0 for usual care	AUD 12,029 for WEBB AUD 10,327 for usual care	AUD 77,403 per QALY gained
•Uusi‐Rasi 2015 (Patil 2016) •Community‐dwelling women with mean age •74 years • Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis	•No exercise + placebo •No exercise + vitamin D 800 IU/day •Exercise + placebo: supervised group training classes 2 a week for first year, and 1 a week for second year (N = 91) vs No exercise + placebo (control) (N = 95) •Exercise + vitamin D 800 IU/day	•Societal •Euros (Finland) •2011 •2 years	•Intervention costs (salaries, administration costs) •Healthcare costs (fall‐related health care costs for all injurious falls reported during the intervention period)	Total costs (intervention and healthcare): EUR 30.9 (95) for no exercise + placebo; EUR 206.9 (786) for no exercise + vitamin D 800IU/day; EUR 73.4 (104) for exercise + placebo; EUR 188.0 (454) for exercise + vitamin D 800IU/day	‐	ICER all intervention (excluding outliers): EUR 220.7 (220.7) for no exercise + placebo EUR 17,600 (exc) for no exercise + vitamin D 800 IU/day EUR 2670 (708.3) for exercise + placebo EUR 3820 (3820) for exercise + vitamin D 800IU/day
•Voukelatos 2007 (Haas 2006) •Healthy community‐living people aged ≥ 60 years, mean (SD) age 69 (6.5) years •Analysis •Cost‐effectiveness analysis	•Tai Chi classes 1 hour weekly for 16 weeks (N = 347) vs no intervention (N = 337)	•Public health system (NSW Health) •Australian dollar •Not specified (presumed 2001) •During 24‐week trial period	•Intervention costs (cost of venues, advertising, instructors) •Health service use related to falls from healthcare use diary and hospital records, valued at standard costs (GP, specialist, tests, hospitalisations, medications)	•AUD 245 (0) intervention group plus charge AUD 44 per participant	•Mean total healthcare costs higher for Tai Chi group (AUD 55) than control group (AUD 17) (P < 0.001)	•AUD 1683 per fall prevented (includes cost offset by charging AUD 44 per instruction course)