Wu 2010.

Methods	Study design: RCT Number of study arms: 3 Length of follow‐up: 4 months
Participants	Setting: Burlington, Vermont, USA Number of participants: 64 Number analysed: 64 Number lost to follow‐up: 0 Sample: volunteers recruited by advertising, referrals, flyers etc. Age (years): mean 75.4 (SD 7) Sex: 84% female Inclusion criteria: age ≥ 65; community‐dwelling; at risk of falling (≥ 1 fall in past year or ≤ 50% on ABC Scale); able to walk and do weight‐bearing exercises with or without assistive devices; no plans to be away > 2 weeks during study period; sufficient cognition and attention to follow directions; have a television (TV) and Internet access; sufficient visual acuity to mimic instructor's movements on TV screen; consenting; with primary care physician approval to participate Exclusion criteria: unable to walk/exercise independently; unable to travel to community centre; having certain exercise‐limiting conditions including musculoskeletal, cardiac, neurological, pulmonary etc
Interventions	Delivered by 3 methods with same content and same instructor: 1. Individual, supervised Tai Chi delivered by videoconferencing: "Tel‐ex" yang style Tai Chi home‐based interactive by TV screen, live and supervised in real‐time, 1 hour a day, 3 days a week for 15 weeks 2. Group‐based Tai Chi: "Comm‐ex" yang style Tai Chi class held in community facility, live and supervised in real‐time, 1 hour a day, 3 days a week for 15 weeks 3. Individual Tai Chi with DVD instruction: "Home‐ex" yang style Tai Chi exercise from home but not connected to instructor during the 15 weeks, received written instructions for DVD programme, DVD with 45 x 1‐hour sessions, identical exercises to live class instruction groups; 1 hour a day, 3 days a week for 15 weeks
Outcomes	1. Rate of falls
Duration of the study	15 weeks
Adherence	Adherence measured by total exercise time 1. Individual, supervised Tai Chi delivered by videoconferencing: total exercise time 30 ± 12 hours (69 ± 27%) 2. Group‐based Tai Chi: total exercise time 31 ± 12 hours (71 ± 27%) 3. Individual Tai Chi with DVD instruction: total exercise time 17 ± 21 hours (38 ± 46%)
Notes	Source of funding: not reported Economic information: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "Those who consented were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned into the Tele‐ex, Commex, and Home‐ex groups. To ensure balance among the 3 groups on important potential confounders, randomization was stratified by sex, age (65–74y vs 75y), and time expected to be away during the study period (1 wk vs 1–2 wk). Blocked randomization was used within strata."
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	All 3 groups received a fall‐prevention intervention (Tai Chi). Unclear whether there is potential for performance bias
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Falls	Unclear risk	Falls were measured using the same method in each group. Unclear whether assessor was blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Fractures	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Hospital admission, medical attention and adverse events	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Health related quality of life (self report)	High risk	Participants not blinded to group allocation
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Falls and fallers	Low risk	No missing fall data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Falls were measured, but number of fallers not reported. Adverse events not reported
Method of ascertaining falls (recall bias)	High risk	Quote: "Fall incidents were assessed by a Fall History Form that recorded the number of falls in the ... past 15 weeks"