Yamada 2010.

Methods	Study design: RCT Number of study arms: 2 Length of follow‐up: 12 months
Participants	Setting: Kyoto, Japan Number of participants: 60 Number analysed: 58 Number lost to follow‐up: 2 Sample: people recruited using advertising in local press (proportion of women not stated) Age (years): not stated Inclusion criteria: aged ≥ 65; community‐dwelling; visited primary care physician in previous 3 years; MMSE ≥ 24; able to walk independently (with or without a cane): willing to participate in group exercise classes lasting ≥ 6 months; access to transportation; minimal hearing and visual impairments; no regular exercise in previous 12 months Exclusion criteria: severe cardiac pulmonary, or musculoskeletal disorders; neurological conditions associated with falling (stroke, Parkinson's disease); osteoporosis; use of psychotropic drugs
Interventions	1. Group‐based trail walking training: 90‐minute class (moderate intensity aerobic exercise, progressive strengthening with rubber band, flexibility and balance exercises) including trail walking between flags as quickly as possible, 1 a week for 16 weeks 2. Group‐based indoor walking: 90‐minute class (moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise, progressive strengthening with rubber band, flexibility and balance exercises) including supervised indoor walking session at a comfortable pace (up to 30 minute on 300‐foot loop); 1 a week for 16 weeks
Outcomes	1. Rate of falls 2. Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls (risk of falling)
Duration of the study	52 weeks
Adherence	Adherence measured by completion of 16 scheduled sessions 1. Group‐based trail walking training: median relative adherence; 100% (25th – 75th percentile, 94 – 100%) 2. Group‐based indoor walking: median relative adherence; 100% (25th – 75th percentile, 94 – 100%)
Notes	Source of funding: not reported Economic information: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "Participants were block randomized in blocks of four"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "Using this sequence, opaque envelopes bearing group names were numbered and the 60 participants were then randomly as signed to the TWE (n = 30) or walking (W) group (n = 30)"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Both groups received an exercise intervention. Unclear whether there was any risk of performance bias
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Falls	Unclear risk	Unclear whether person ascertaining falls was blinded to allocated group
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Fractures	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Hospital admission, medical attention and adverse events	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Health related quality of life (self report)	Unclear risk	Not applicable
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Falls and fallers	Unclear risk	Less than 20% of fall data were missing (3%). The missing data were balanced between groups, with 1 withdrawal from each group
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Minimum set of expected outcomes reported. No published study protocol or prospective trial registration
Method of ascertaining falls (recall bias)	Low risk	Quote: "The participants were asked to record any falls in fall diaries that were mailed to the research assistants every month."