Table 3.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Factors.^a

	Emission Factor mg/kg oilc	Detection Limit mg/kg oilc	Rel Std Dev (%)	No. of Samplesc
Benzeneb	1,574±372	2.9±0.81	24	10
Formaldehydeb,d	311±185	0.83±0.42	60	9
Acetonitrile	212±228	3.3±0.89	108	4
Tolueneb	199±92	3.1±0.85	46	10
Propene	192±114	2.5±0.70	59	10
Styreneb	145±39	2.7±0.75	27	9
1,3-Butadieneb	107±56	4.1±1.1	52	10
Acroleinb	82±32	3.1±0.85	39	10
Acetaldehydeb,d	71±47	3.2±1.6	66	7
Crotonaldehyded	62±20	4.6±2.3	32	5
m,p-Xylenesb	61±48	5.5±1.5	79	9
Acetoned	58±48	4.6±2.3	82	12
Benzaldehyded	52±40	6.5±3.3	68	10
n-Nonane	46±47	2.7±0.75	103	9
n-Octane	45±49	3.3±0.89	109	9
n-Heptane	36±46	3.1±0.85	127	10
Butyraldehyded	34±23	3.8±1.9	76	10
Cyclohexane	27±32	5.3±1.5	118	8
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	25±23	2.7±0.75	92	9
o-Xyleneb	23±19	2.7±0.75	80	9
n-Hexane	22±27	2.7±0.75	124	10
Ethylbenzene	22±14	2.9±0.81	64	9

^aUnits in mg/kg oil consumed. VOCs are background-corrected. Range of data ± 1 Std Dev. A total of 10 SUMMA canisters and a total of 12 DNPH cartridges were collected. The VOCs shown here were selected based on the number of samples detectable above three times the detection limit and their relevance to the EPA’s list of hazardous air pollutants list and their role as greenhouse gas/ozone precursors. Full list of the 88 analyzed VOCs and their emission factors are presented in SI Tables S4 and S5.

^b= on U.S. EPA’s list of hazardous air pollutants.

^cNumber of samples with detectable levels.

^dSampled in accordance with US EPA Method TO-11A [24].