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. 2019 Jan 15;8(1):bio038299. doi: 10.1242/bio.038299

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© 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Fig. 4. — Determination of spring stiffness using beam theory. (A,B,D,E,G,H) Difference in vertical wing deflection Δz (loaded-minus-unloaded condition) along a bending line from the wing base to wing tip in Drosophila (A–C) and wing base to anterior cross vein in Musca (D–F) and Calliphora (G–I). Best fit bending line from beam theory is shown in red. Insets show direction of force application. D, dorsal; V, ventral wing side. (C,F,I) Vertical deflection in the dorsal direction during wing loading at the end of the third longitudinal vein (load point 2) in C and at the anterior cross vein (load point 6) in F and I. Dashed line indicates 25% body weight in Drosophila and 50% weight in Musca and Calliphora (cf. Table 1). Colored data are single animals and insets show beam in red.