Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by categories of short (≤5 h/day) and long (≥9h/day) sleep duration, having as reference group the normal sleep duration (6-8 h/day) for the Portuguese population.
| Post-hoc comparisons (Sheffé's method) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short*Normal | Short*Long | Normal*Long | |||||
| Characteristic | Short sleep duration (≤ 5 h/day) | Normal sleep duration (6-8 h/day) | Long sleep duration (≥9h/day) | p-valuea | p-value | p-value | p-value |
| N (%) | 1337 (20.7) | 3693 (73.4) | 406 (5.9) | ||||
| Sex, N (%) | |||||||
| Male | 411 (19.4) | 1401 (75.0) | 151 (5.7) | 0.2514 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| Female | 926 (22.0) | 2292 (71.9) | 255 (6.1) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Age, mean ± (SD) | 58.5 (17.2) | 46.1 (16.5) | 56.3 (22.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ___ | <0.0001 |
| Age groups, N (%) | |||||||
| < 65 years | 717 (15.8) | 2704 (79.7) | 199 (4.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| ≥ 65 years | 620 (36.4) | 989 (53.2) | 207 (10.4) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| NUTS II region, N (%) | |||||||
| North | 404 (20.3) | 1080 (73.7) | 120 (6.0) | 0.1802 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| Centre | 260 (20.9) | 688 (72.1) | 91 (7.0) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Lisbon | 244 (20.3) | 798 (75.8) | 53 (3.9) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Alentejo | 75 (21.8) | 208 (70.7) | 28 (7.5) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Algarve | 57 (26.5) | 109 (66.0) | 8 (7.5) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Azores | 130 (16.4) | 430 (73.4) | 76 (10.2) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Madeira | 167 (21.5) | 380 (74.2) | 30 (4.3) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| BMI, mean ± (SD) | 27.0 (4.7) | 25.5 (4.2) | 26.2 (5.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ___ | <0.0001 |
| Education level, N (%) | |||||||
| > 12 years | 142 (11.0) | 870 (86.7) | 30 (2.4) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 10-12 years | 164 (13.9) | 801 (80.7) | 66 (5.4) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | ___ | |
| 5-9 years | 263 (20.1) | 767 (75.1) | 64 (4.8) | ___ | ___ | <0.05 | |
| 0-4 years | 756 (34.7) | 1244 (55.7) | 239 (9.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Marital status, N (%) | |||||||
| Single | 134 (9.6) | 713 (85.1) | 57 (5.3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | ___ |
| Married | 833 (23.9) | 2267 (70.3) | 235 (5.7) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Divorced | 86 (26.9) | 266 (66.7) | 28 (6.4) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Widowed | 250 (39.5) | 319 (51.0) | 72 (9.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | |
| Consensual union | 34 (15.2) | 126 (80.5) | 12 (4.3) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Employment status, N (%) | |||||||
| Employed full-time/part-time/ domestic | |||||||
| 1023 (21.0) | |||||||
| 2978 (73.5) | |||||||
| 311 (5.6) | 0.3085 | ___ | ___ | ___ | |||
| Retired/unemployed/ temporary work | |||||||
| 311 (19.4) | |||||||
| 710 (73.2) | |||||||
| 95 (7.3) | ___ | ___ | ___ | ||||
| Alcohol intake, N (%) | |||||||
| Daily | 371 (23.9) | 1058 (70.8) | 113 (5.3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
| Occasionally | 389 (16.0) | 1487 (79.0) | 115 (5.0) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Never | 573 (23.7) | 1142 (68.6) | 176 (7.7) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.01 | |
| Smoking habits, N (%) | |||||||
| Current smoker | 157 (14.0) | 654 (81.0) | 58 (5.0) | 0.0003 | <0.05 | ___ | ___ |
| Past smoker | 276 (21.5) | 764 (72.1) | 93 (6.4) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Never | 901 (23.0) | 2272 (70.9) | 255 (6.1) | <0.001 | <0.01 | ___ | |
| Physical activity, N (%) | |||||||
| Inactive | 803 (21.3) | 2035 (72.4) | 261 (6.4) | 0.3879 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| Active | 534 (20.1) | 1658 (74.6) | 145 (5.3) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Time watching TV, N (%) | |||||||
| < 5 hours/per day | 1170 (20.4) | 3366 (74.0) | 333 (5.5) | 0.0961 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| ≥ 5 hours/per day | 163 (23.6) | 318 (66.8) | 71 (9.6) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Adherence to Mediterranean diet, N (%) | |||||||
| High adherence to MD (PREDIMED ≥ 10) | 122 (16.4) | 439 (78.2) | 40 (5.3) | 0.0672 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| Low adherence to MD (PREDIMED ≤ 10) | 1215 (21.3) | 3254 (72.7) | 366 (6.0) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
| Non-communicable chronic diseases (self-reported), N (%)) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 585 (34.6) | 1053 (58.5) | 151 (6.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.05 |
| Diabetes | 224 (39.4) | 354 (51.2) | 66 (9.4) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 565 (32.7) | 1054 (60.2) | 141 (7.2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | ___ |
| Pulmonary disease | 65 (31.0) | 113 (59.7) | 20 (9.3) | 0.0010 | <0.05 | <0.05 | ___ |
| Cardiac disease | 218 (33.9) | 359 (54.4) | 90 (11.8) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 190 (33.7) | 287 (58.8) | 47 (7.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | ___ |
| Neurologic disease | 54 (18.3) | 129 (74.9) | 19 (6.8) | 0.7257 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| Allergy | 135 (18.5) | 371 (76.7) | 28 (4.8) | 0.4468 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| Neoplasm disease | 93 (31.2) | 181 (59.8) | 31 (9.0) | 0.0045 | <0.05 | ___ | ___ |
| Rheumatic disease | 154 (25.9) | 296 (65.8) | 43 (8.4) | 0.0497 | <0.01 | <0.05 | ___ |
| Depression | 141 (31.4) | 265 (59.1) | 37 (5.8) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | <0.05 | ___ |
| Anxiety | 79 (26.1) | 159 (65.7) | 23 (5.8) | 0.1338 | ___ | ___ | ___ |
| Multimorbidity, N (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 532 (36.3) | 899 (56.1) | 142 (7.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.01 |
| No | 698 (16.0) | 2585 (79.2) | 207 (4.8) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | |
| Hospitalized in previous 12 months, N (%) | |||||||
| 212 (28.1) | |||||||
| 425 (61.9) | |||||||
| 70 (10.0) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | <0.05 | <0.05 | |||
| Physical function, mean + (SD) | |||||||
| HAQ score (0-3) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.01 | <0.0001 |
| Quality of life, mean + (SD) | |||||||
| EQ-5D-3L score | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ___ | <0.0001 |
| Drugs for sleep (self- reported) , N (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 93 (40.3) | 122 (53.1) | 19 (6.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.01 | ___ |
| No | 1244 (20.2) | 3571 (74.0) | 387 (5.9) | ___ | ___ | ___ | |
a
Anova and Pearson Qui2 tests.