Heat map showing associations (and statistical significance) between early life bifidobacteria abundance and TT and HBV responses measured at 15 weeks and 2 years of age determined with multiple regression analysis as described in Methods. Responses include the CD4 T-cell SI, the ALS assay for IgG at 15 weeks, plasma IgG at 2 years, and the IgG AI at 2 years. Bifidobacteria abundance measures were as follows: (1) mean abundance of the genus Bifidobacterium measured at 6, 11, and 15 weeks and single measures made at 6 weeks for (2) the genus Bifidobacterium; (3) the most abundant species, B longum; (4) the most abundant of 2 subspecies, B longum subspecies infantis; (5) the second subspecies, B longum subspecies longum; and 2 minor species, (6) B breve and (7) B bifidum.