Table 5.

Urinary triclocarban, phenol and paraben concentrations reported in the present study and previous studies among pregnant women.

Reference	Country/Region	na	2,4_diclorop henol	2,5_diclorophe nol	Benzophenone-3	BPA	BPF	BPS	Triclosan	Triclocarban	Methylparaben	Ethylparaben	Propylparaben	Butylparaben	Correctionb	GMc/Median	Units
Present study	Puerto Rico	2166	1.1	13.5	41.6	2.1	0.3	0.5	22.7	3.8	78.2	2.8	15.4	0.5	SG	GM	ng/mL
Braun et al. 2011a	Ohio, US	389				1.9									Cr	GM	ug/g
Wolff et al. 2008	New York, US	367	2.1	53.0	7.5	1.3			11.0						-	Median	ng/mL
Perera et al. 2012	New York, US	198				2.0									SG	GM	ng/mL
Cantonwine et al. 2010	Mexico City	60				1.5									SG	GM	ng/mL
Kasper-Sonnenberg et al. 2012	Germany	232				1.8									Cr	GM	ug/g
Casas et al. 2011	Spain	120	1.1	16.5	3.4	2.2			6.1		191.0	8.8	29.8	2.4	-	Median	ng/mL
Philippat et al. 2012	France	191	0.8	6.4	1.3	3.1			17.5		104.3	1.5	10.4	2.2	-	Median	ng/mL
Vernet et al. 2017	France	587	1.0	9.8	2.1	2.6			29.3		118.0	4.5	16.1	1.9	-	Median	ng/mL
Tefre de Renzy-Martin et al. 2014	Denmark	200	0.2	0.1	3.0	1.2			0.6	0.0	20.5	0.9			Cr	Median	ug/g
Frederiksen et al. 2014	Denmark	565	0.2	0.1	4.3	1.2			1.2	0.0	11.0	1.0	2.2	0.2	-	GM	ng/mL
Myridakis et al. 2015	Greece	239				5.6					121.9	2.9			Cr	Median	ug/g
Ye et al. 2008	Netherlands	100				1.7									Cr	GM	ug/g
Philips et al. 2018	Netherlands	1396				1.7	0.6	0.4							-	Median	ng/mL
Pycke et al. 2014	New York	181							7.2	0.2					Cr	Median	ug/g
Kang et al. 2013	Korea	46									169.9	44.6	8.6	<LOD	SG	Median	ng/mL
Shirai et al. 2013	Japan	111									83.6	9.2	7.3	0.8	SG	GM	ng/mL

^aSample Size

^b- no correction applied, SG corrected for specific gravity Cr corrected for creatinine

^cGM geometric mean