Table 1.
Characteristics of 1332 HIV+ and 534 HIV- WIHS Participants at the Index Visit
| HIV-infected (N=1332) | HIV-uninfected (N=534) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, median (IQR) | 42.1 (36.4–48.2) | 38.6 (30.8–45.7) | <0.0001 |
| Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic/Other |
292 (22%) 797 (60%) 243 (18%) |
99 (19%) 343 (64%) 92 (17%) |
0.17 |
| Weight (kg) (IQR) | 69.9 (60.3–84.2) | 77.6 (64.9–93.0) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (IQR) | 27.3 (23.5–32.2) | 29.4 (24.6–35.0) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking at index visit | 572 (43%) | 271 (51%) | 0.0022 |
| Ever injection drug use | 342 (26%) | 108 (20 %) | 0.013 |
| Ever opiate use | 522 (39%) | 227 (43%) | 0.19 |
| Ever cocaine use | 227 (17%) | 140 (26%) | <0.0001 |
| Heavy alcohol use (≥14 drinks/wk) | 26 (2%) | 28 (5%) | <0.0001 |
| Menstrual history | |||
| Self-reported menopause at index visit | 320 (24%) | 76 (14%) | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Diabetes at index visit | 197 (15%) | 89 (17%) | 0.31 |
| HCV positive at study entry (HCV Ab+ RNA+) | 302 (23%) | 82 (15%) | 0.0004 |
| Estimated GFR ≤60 (MDRD) at index visit | 97 (7%) | 8 (1.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium supplementation | 93 (7%) | 20 (4%) | 0.0081 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 14 (1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.059 |
| Statin use | 102 (8%) | 17 (3%) | 0.0004 |
| Fracture status during study | 0.11 | ||
| No fracture | 1072 (80%) | 452 (85%) | |
| One fracture | 181 (14%) | 56 (10%) | |
| More than one fracture | 79 (6%) | 26 (5%) | |
| Frailty score | 0.0006 | ||
| 0–2 | 1151 (86%) | 492 (92%) | |
| 3–5 | 181 (14%) | 42 (8%) | |
| Components of Frailty Index | |||
| Slow gait | 334 (28%) | 102 (21%) | 0.0015 |
| Reduced grip strength | 360 (30%) | 109 (22%) | 0.0007 |
| Exhaustion | 431 (32%) | 128 (24%) | 0.0003 |
| Unintentional weight loss | 184 (14%) | 48 (9%) | 0.0043 |
| Low physical activity | 314 (24%) | 93 (17%) | 0.0033 |
| HIV disease related characteristics | |||
| AIDS defining illness ever, prior to index visit | 558 (42%) | NA | |
| CD4+ cell count, at index visit (cells/μl) | 442 (277–651) | NA | |
| CD4+ cell count, nadir (cells/μl), at index visit | 239 (128–360) | NA | |
| Undetectable HIV RNA viral load, at index visit | 663 (50%) | NA | |
| PI-based ART before or at index visit | 898 (67%) | NA | |
| Tenofovir (TDF) use before or at index visit | 573 (43%) | NA | |
| ART use before or at index visit (regimens which do not include TDF or PI) |
628 (47%) | NA |
Abbreviations: HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; BMI: Body Mass Index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HCV: Hepatitis C Virus; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; ART: antiretroviral therapy; PI: protease inhibitor; NNRTI: non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor