Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with and without CSF viral escape
| Presence of CSF viral escape n = 55 | Absence of CSF viral escape n = 1,209 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 45.3 ± 7.5 | 46 ± 9.5 | 0.63 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 43 (78.2) | 978 (82.0) | 0.49 |
| Ethnicity (European, non-Hispanic), n (%) | 25 (45.5) | 590 (49.5) | 0.69 |
| Years of education, mean ± SD | 13 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 0.66 |
| HIV-Related Medical History | |||
| Years of HIV infection, median (IQR) | 16.0 (11.6–19.9) | 12.7 (6.8–18.2) | 0.01 |
| HIV-undetectable (years), median (IQR) | 13.1 (6–37.7) | 18.6 (7.5–40.8) | 0.54 |
| Previous AIDS diagnosis (CDC), n (%) | 41 (83.7) | 775 (69.1) | 0.02 |
| Hepatitis C antibody positive, n (%) | 10 (22.2) | 219 (22.4) | 0.98 |
| CD4+ T-cells nadir (cells/mm3), median (IQR) | 71 (9–189) | 133 (28–240) | 0.03 |
| Current CD4/CD8 ratio, median (IQR) | 0.54 (0.28–0.86) | 0.62 (0.39–0.88) | 0.13 |
| ART-Related Medical History | |||
| Total duration of ART (years), median (IQR) | 6.5 (3.3–10.4) | 6.1 (2.9–9.8) | 0.42 |
| Duration of current ART (years), median (IQR) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 1.5 (0.6–3.4) | 0.18 |
| CPE value (2010) < 6, n (%) | 5 (8.5) | 50 (4.16) | 0.16 |
| Adherence > 95% (last 4 days), n (%) | 44 (95.6) | 998 (91.2) | 0.29 |
| ART type | |||
| NNRTI* + N(t)RTIs**, n (%) | 8 (14.6) | 438 (36.2) | < 0.01 |
| PI/r*** + N(t)RTIs**, n (%) | 31 (56.4) | 501 (41.5) | 0.03 |
| Unboosted atazanavir + N(t)RTIs**, n (%) | 4 (7.3) | 27 (2.2) | 0.05 |
| Raltegravir + N(t)RTIs**, n (%) | 0 (0) | 26 (2.1) | 0.13 |
| Other regimens****, n (%) | 12 (21.8) | 217 (18.0) | 0.47 |
| Blood Levels | |||
| CD4+ T-cell count (cells/mm3), median (IQR) | 506 (268–711) | 508 (340–710) | 0.68 |
| Haemoglobin (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 14 (12.9–15.1) | 14.4 (13.4–15.3) | 0.10 |
| Platelets (x103/mm3), median (IQR) | 232 (202–283) | 230 (189–273) | 0.06 |
| Total protein (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 7.7 (6.9–8.3) | 7.4 (7–7.9) | 0.01 |
| CSF Levels | |||
| HIV RNA (cop/mL), median (IQR) | 155 (80–283) | --- | --- |
| White Blood Cells (cells/mL), median (IQR) | 16.5 (4 – 33.2) | 2 (1 – 3) | --- |
| White blood cell pleocytosis (≥ 5 cells/mL), n (%) | 26 (49.1) | 122 (10.3) | < 0.01 |
| Red blood cells (cells/mL), median (IQR) | 4 (2.5–16.5) | 2 (0–18) | 0.29 |
| Glucose (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 62 (57.5–68.5) | 63 (58–68) | 0.74 |
| Total Protein, median (IQR) | 47 (31.5–55.5) | 38 (30–48) | --- |
| Elevated total protein (> 45 mg/dL), n (%) | 47 (31.5–55.5) | 38 (30–48) | < 0.01 |
| Neurocognitive Assessment | |||
| Neurocognitive impairment, n (%) | 21 (38.2) | 447 (37.7) | 0.91 |
| Global Deficit Score, median (IQR) | 0.4 (0.1–0.9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.94 |
*
NNRTI;
**
N(t)RTI;
***
PI/r;
****
Other regimens including the combination of two or more third agents.
Abbreviations: ART: antiretroviral therapy; CPE: CNS Penetration Effectiveness score; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; IQR: interquartile range; NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; N(t)RTI: nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI/r: ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors; SD: standard deviation.