Table 1:
Characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes at baseline SEARCH visit, according to DKA status at diagnosis
| Variable | Missing | DKA (n=397) |
No DKA (n=999) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 0 (0%) | 9.3 ± 3.9 | 9.4 ± 4.1 | 0.75 |
| Sex (female) | 0 (0%) | 198 (50%) | 471 (47%) | 0.36 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0 (0%) | 0.005 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 287 (72%) | 802 (80%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 46 (12%) | 86 (9%) | ||
| Hispanic | 50 (12%) | 96 (10%) | ||
| Other | 14 (4%) | 15 (1%) | ||
| Household Income | 94 (7%) | <.0001 | ||
| <$25K | 64 (18%) | 121 (13%) | ||
| $25-49K | 108 (30%) | 185 (20%) | ||
| $50-74K | 67 (18%) | 212 (22%) | ||
| $75K+ | 124 (34%) | 421 (45%) | ||
| Health Insurance Status | 10 (1%) | 0.001 | ||
| Private | 291 (74%) | 822 (82%) | ||
| Medicaid/Medicare | 82 (21%) | 148 (15%) | ||
| Self-pay | 11 (3%) | 9 (1%) | ||
| Other | 7 (2%) | 16 (2%) | ||
| Insulin Regimen | 59 (4%) | 0.17 | ||
| Injectable Insulin | 353 (93%) | 867 (90%) | ||
| Pump | 26 (7%) | 91 (10%) | ||
| Frequency of Glucose Monitoring | 59 (4%) | 0.08 | ||
| 4 or more times a day | 329 (86%) | 845 (88%) | ||
| 1-3 times a day | 45 (12%) | 108 (11%) | ||
| Less than once a day | 6 (2%) | 4 (1%) | ||
| Duration of diabetes at baseline (months) | 0 (0%) | 9.7 ± 6.1 | 9.0 ± 6.2 | 0.05 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)a | 14 (1%) | 0.4 (0.2-0.9) | 0.5 (0.2-1.0) | 0.03 |
| Baseline HbA1c (%) | 7 (0.5%) | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | <.0001 |
| Number of HbA1c measures over time | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 0.26 | |
| Follow-up time (months of diabetes duration) | 97.1 ± 29.6 | 97.0 ± 29.7 | 0.98 | |
Data are presented as mean ± SD and comparisons made using the unpaired Students t-test.
Categorical data are presented as number (%) and comparisons made using a chi-square test.
aData are presented as median (IQR) comparisons made using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis. HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c