Table 1.

Pharmacological interventions for cancer treatment and associated neurotoxic effects.

Treatments	Drugs	Neurotoxic effects
Immunotherapy	Bispecific antibodies (Blinatumomab), Monoclonal antibodies (Trastuzumab, Brentuximab, Rituximab, Ramucirumab, Bevacizumab), Cellular treatments (Chimeric antigen receptor-T cells), Checkpoint inhibitors (Nivolumab Pembrolizumab, Ipilimumab), Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Imatinib, Dasatinib, Ponatinib, Erlotinib, Pazopanib, Aflibercept, Idelalisib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib), Interferon alfa, Recombinant Interleukin 2	Peripheral nervous system: Gullian Barre syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, multifocal plexopathy/neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, phrenic nerve palsy, cranial nerve palsy (optic, hypoglossal, facial nerve) Central nervous system: Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, transverse myelitis, neurosarcoidosis, posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome, Vogt Harada Koyanagi syndrome, neurosarcoidosis, demyelination, vasculitis encephalopathy, generalized seizures, convulsions
Chemotherapy	Taxanes (Paclitaxel, Docetaxel), Epothilones (Ixabepilone), Platinum derived compounds (Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin), Immunomodulatory drugs (Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, Thalidomide), Inhibitor of topoisomerase (Etoposide), Vinka alkaloids (Vincristine, Vindesine, Vinblastine, Vinorelbine), Metalloids (Arsenic), Alkylating agents (Procarbazine, Ifosfamide), Antimetabolites (5-Fluorouracil, Capecitabine, Gemcitabine, Fludarabine, Cytarabine), Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (Tipifarnib), Antiprotozoal and anthelmintic (Suramin)	Peripheral nervous system: Lhermitte's sign, (painful) sensory peripheral neuropathy, muscle cramps, post infusion parenthesias, sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, mononeuroptherapy, cranial nerve palsy, autonomic neuropathy, myalgia, proximal motor weakness, lumbosacral radiculopathy, painful axonal peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, orthostatic hypotension, intrinsic hand muscle weakness, brachial plexopathy Central nervous system: Encephalopathy, headache, stroke, seizures, cortical blindness, ataxia, athetosis, parkinsonism, radiculomyeloencephalopathy, cerebellar dysfunctions, leukoencephalopathy, inflammatory leukoencephalopathy, stupor, somnolence, aseptic meningitis, myelopathy, ocular toxicity, blurred vision
Radiotherapy	-	Peripheral nervous system: Lumbosacral plexopathy and polyradiculopathy, brachial plexopathy, Lhermitte's sign, radiation myelopathy, dysthesia, motor neuron syndrome, muscle atrophy, fasciculations, areflexia Central nervous system: Encephalopathy, Bulbar palsy, cranial nerve injury, optic neuropathy, cochlear damage, radiation-induced central nervous system tumors (glioma, meningioma, vestibular schwannoma), diffused cerebral injury, stenosis/occlusion of extracranial or intracranial cerebral arteries, stroke-like migraine attack after radiation therapy (SMART syndrome), radiation necrosis