Table 1.
Characteristics of betel quid (BQ) neuroimaging studies.
| Source | Setting | Sample/sample size | Sex/Age | Neuroimaging approach |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weng et al. (44) | Taiwan | 48 (16 BQ chewers, 15 tobacco & alcohol-users&17 HCs) | Male and female, >20 years of age | r-s fMRI |
| Yuan et al. (56) | Hunan province, China | 54 (26 BQD & 28 HCs) | Male and female, >20 years of age | DTI |
| Zhu et al. (46) | Hunan province, China | 54 (26 BQD & 28 HCs) | Male and female, >20 years of age | r-s fMRI |
| Weng et al. (43) | Taiwan | 48 (16 BQ chewers, 15 tobacco & alcohol-users&17 HCs) | Male, >20 years of age | DTI |
| Chen et al. (40) | Hainan province China, | 65 (33 BQD volunteers & 32 HCs) | Male and female, >20 years of age | sMRI |
| Liu et al. (39, 41, 42) | Hainan province, China | 65 (33 BQD volunteers & 32 HCs) | Male and female, >20 years of age | r-s fMRI |
| Liu et al. (38) | Hainan province, China | 65 (33 BQD volunteers & 32 HCs) | Male and female, >20 years of age | MRS |
| Huang et al. (55) | Hunan province, China | 27 Healthy individuals | Male, 18–30 years of age | r-s fMRI |
| Huang et al. (36) | Hunan province, China | 51 (24 BQD & 27 HCs) | Male, 18–40 years of age | r-s fMRI |
| Yuan et al. (37) | 50 (25 BQ chewers & 25 HCs) | Male, >18 years of age | sMRI |
BQ, betel quid; HCs, healthy controls; BQD, betel quid dependence; r-s fMRI, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy.