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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1315. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37803-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of non-treated zinc- and copper-containing welding fumes vs. welding fumes treated with 200 °C for 17 h. TNF-α release after 24 hours of incubation with increasing concentrations of welding fume particles (WF) (0.1 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml) was measured. Pyrogen free water was provided as negative control (NC) and 10 ng/ml LPS as positive control (LPS). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, (n = 3). Comparison of corresponding concentrations (0.1 vs. 0.1 µg/ml) for non-treated and heat-treated welding fume showed no significant differences.