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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1240. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37544-0

Table 3.

Mean haemodynamic parameters of five cerebrovascular arteries at all time points.

Variables Time points Control Baduanjin Mean difference between comparison group (95% CI) P value Mixed linear model
N Mean ± SE N Mean ± SE P-value (between-groups) P-value (Time × Group)
Basilar artery (BA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 85 69.17 ± 3.01 85 67.67 ± 1.58 1.49 (−4.69–7.67) 0.660
12-weeks 85 67.96 ± 3.07 85 60.50 ± 1.39 7.46 (0.79–14.13) 0.028
24-weeks 85 64.95 ± 2.69 85 59.27 ± 1.47 5.69 (−0.36–11.73) 0.065 0.111 0.003
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 85 63.42 ± 2.76 85 62.33 ± 1.50 1.19 (−4.99–7.38) 0.704
12-weeks 85 63.28 ± 3.01 85 55.84 ± 1.33 7.44 (0.95–13.93) 0.025
24-weeks 85 61.26 ± 2.50 85 55.03 ± 1.41 6.23 (0.56–11.90) 0.031 0.088 0.001
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 85 66.38 ± 2.86 85 65.05 ± 1.53 1.34 (−5.08–7.75) 0.681
12-weeks 85 65.80 ± 3.04 85 58.11 ± 1.35 7.69 (1.12–14.27) 0.022
24-weeks 85 63.42 ± 2.54 85 57.14 ± 1.47 6.29 (0.50–12.07) 0.033 0.086 0.001
PI Baseline 85 1.11 ± 0.22 85 1.14 ± 0.22 −0.04 (−0.10–0.03) 0.265
12-weeks 85 1.17 ± 0.03 85 1.08 ± 0.02 0.08 (0.02–0.15) 0.01
24-weeks 85 1.14 ± 0.04 85 1.04 ± 0.02 0.10 (0.017–0.188) 0.019 0.060 <0.001
RI Baseline 85 0.63 ± 0.01 85 0.64 ± 0.01 −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) 0.291
12-weeks 85 0.65 ± 0.01 85 0.63 ± 0.01 0.03 (0.01–0.04) 0.12
24-weeks 85 0.64 ± 0.01 85 0.61 ± 0.01 0.037 (0.01–0.06) 0.01 0.045 <0.001
Left vertebral artery (LVA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 85 64.70 ± 4.47 85 60.47 ± 1.74 4.23 (−5.23–13.70) 0.379
12-weeks 85 61.31 ± 2.24 85 54.79 ± 1.41 6.51 (1.29–11.74) 0.015
24-weeks 85 59.19 ± 1.95 85 54.59 ± 1.51 4.60 (−0.27–9.46) 0.064 0.036 0.563
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 85 55.60 ± 1.77 85 55.46 ± 1.68 0.14 (−4.68–4.96) 0.955
12-weeks 85 56.13 ± 2.18 85 50.45 ± 1.36 5.68 (0.61–10.75) 0.028
24-weeks 85 54.83 ± 1.66 85 50.12 ± 1.41 4.71 (0.42–9.00) 0.032 0.102 0.007
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 85 58.02 ± 1.82 85 57.92 ± 1.70 0.10 (−4.82–5.02) 0.968
12-weeks 85 58.96 ± 2.21 85 52.84 ± 1.40 6.11 (0.96–11.28) 0.02
24-weeks 85 57.44 ± 1.69 85 52.42 ± 1.45 5.02 (0.62–9.42) 0.026 0.089 0.003
PI Baseline 85 1.10 ± 0.024 85 1.16 ± 0.022 −0.06 (−0.12–0.07) 0.079
12-weeks 85 1.16 ± 0.02 85 1.09 ± 0.02 0.073 (0.014–0.132) 0.016
24-weeks 85 1.15 ± 0.02 85 1.05 ± 0.02 0.10 (0.04–0.16) 0.001 0.095 <0.001
RI Baseline 85 0.63 ± 0.008 85 0.65 ± 0.007 −0.02 (−0.04–0.02) 0.069
12-weeks 85 0.65 ± 0.007 85 0.63 ± 0.007 0.025 (0.005–0.043) 0.013
24-weeks 85 0.65 ± 0.008 85 0.61 ± 0.007 0.034 (0.013–0.055) 0.001 0.087 <0.001
Right vertebral artery (RVA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 85 60.92 ± 1.89 85 59.89 ± 1.69 1.03 (−3.98–6.03) 0.686
12-weeks 85 60.43 ± 2.16 85 55.25 ± 1.34 5.18 (0.10–10.27) 0.046
24-weeks 85 60.34 ± 1.78 85 54.13 ± 1.46 6.21 (1.66–10.76) 0.008 0.056 0.037
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 85 55.31 ± 1.76 85 54.70 ± 1.67 0.61 (−4.18–5.40) 0.802
12-weeks 85 55.25 ± 2.11 85 50.32 ± 1.34 4.93 (0.01–9.86) 0.05
24-weeks 85 55.49 ± 1.70 85 49.79 ± 1.43 5.70 (1.31–10.08) 0.011 0.074 0.027
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 85 58.11 ± 1.83 85 57.35 ± 1.69 0.76 (−4.16–5.68) 0.761
12-weeks 85 57.81 ± 2.13 85 53.13 ± 1.37 4.68 (−0.32–9.67) 0.066
24-weeks 85 57.83 ± 1.76 85 52.04 ± 1.46 5.78 (1.27–10.30) 0.012 0.083 0.039
PI Baseline 85 1.10 ± 0.023 85 1.18 ± 0.02 −0.08 (−0.14–0.02) 0.015
12-weeks 85 1.20 ± 0.023 85 1.10 ± 0.02 0.11 (0.05–0.17) 0.001
24-weeks 85 1.15 ± 0.03 85 1.01 ± 0.02 0.14 (0.06–0.21) 0.001 0.021 <0.001
RI Baseline 85 0.63 ± 0.008 85 0.65 ± 0.007 −0.02(−0.04–0.01) 0.016
12-weeks 85 0.66 ± 0.007 85 0.63 ± 0.006 0.03 (0.013–0.053) 0.001
24-weeks 85 0.64 ± 0.009 85 0.60 ± 0.007 0.04 (0.02–0.07) <0.001 0.022 <0.001
Left anterior artery (LAA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 69 85.74 ± 2.84 69 89.58 ± 2.56 −3.84 (−11.40–3.72) 0.317
12-weeks 69 87.01 ± 2.31 69 81.80 ± 2.07 5.21 (−0.92–11.34) 0.095
24-weeks 69 85.55 ± 2.03 69 79.88 ± 1.71 5.67 (0.42–10.93) 0.035 0.319 0.048
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 69 79.58 ± 2.80 69 82.49 ± 2.55 −2.91 (−10.40–4.58) 0.443
12-weeks 69 81.45 ± 2.21 69 75.98 ± 1.97 5.47 (−0.39–11.33) 0.067
24-weeks 69 78.68 ± 1.79 69 73.80 ± 1.67 4.88 (0.04–9.72) 0.048 0.286 0.073
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 69 82.64 ± 2.80 69 86.10 ± 2.49 −3.46 (−10.87–3.94) 0.357
12-weeks 69 84.07 ± 2.23 69 78.82 ± 1.99 5.24 (−0.66–11.15) 0.067
24-weeks 69 82.54 ± 1.90 69 76.79 ± 1.71 5.76 (0.70–10.81) 0.026 0.275 0.052
PI Baseline 69 1.03 ± 0.025 69 1.06 ± 0.019 −0.03 (−0.09–0.03) 0.363
12-weeks 69 1.09 ± 0.022 69 1.00 ± 0.018 0.09 (0.036–0.148) 0.001
24-weeks 69 1.06 ± 0.029 69 0.91 ± 0.021 0.15 (0.077–0.219) <0.001 0.005 <0.001
RI Baseline 69 0.61 ± 0.009 69 0.62 ± 0.006 −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) 0.371
12-weeks 69 0.63 ± 0.007 69 0.60 ± 0.006 0.03 (0.012–0.049) 0.001
24-weeks 69 0.62 ± 0.01 69 0.56 ± 0.008 0.05 (0.026–0.079) <0.001 0.005 <0.001
Right anterior artery (RAA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 58 88.88 ± 3.19 64 87.55 ± 2.52 1.33 (−6.64–9.31) 0.741
12-weeks 58 91.93 ± 2.54 64 83.59 ± 2.10 8.35 (1.86–14.83) 0.012
24-weeks 58 87.51 ± 1.90 64 83.14 ± 1.66 4.37 (−0.60–9.34) 0.085 0.069 0.135
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 58 83.19 ± 3.14 64 81.44 ± 2.50 1.75 (−6.12–9.62) 0.660
12-weeks 58 86.19 ± 2.47 64 78.29 ± 2.09 7.91 (1.54–14.27) 0.015
24-weeks 58 81.92 ± 1.89 64 77.45 ± 1.68 4.46 (−0.52–9.44) 0.079 0.065 0.190
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 58 85.78 ± 3.16 64 84.80 ± 2.51 0.98 (−6.94–8.90) 0.807
12-weeks 58 88.91 ± 2.46 64 80.95 ± 2.11 7.96 (1.57–14.35) 0.015
24-weeks 58 84.88 ± 1.94 64 80.34 ± 1.67 4.54 (−0.50–9.58) 0.077 0.078 0.144
PI Baseline 58 1.06 ± 0.028 64 1.06 ± 0.020 −0.001 (−0.07–0.06) 0.979
12-weeks 58 1.11 ± 0.026 64 1.01 ± 0.019 0.10 (0.04–0.167) 0.002
24-weeks 58 1.00 ± 0.029 64 0.91 ± 0.018 0.09 (0.03–0.161) 0.005 0.01 0.009
RI Baseline 58 0.61 ± 0.009 64 0.62 ± 0.007 −0.01 (−0.03–0.019) 0.712
12-weeks 58 0.64 ± 0.009 64 0.60 ± 0.007 0.035 (0.012–0.06) 0.003
24-weeks 58 0.60 ± 0.01 64 0.56 ± 0.007 0.04 (0.01–0.06) 0.006 0.018 0.004
Left middle artery (LMA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 68 99.18 ± 3.82 72 97.07 ± 3.18 2.11 (−7.69–11.90) 0.671
12-weeks 68 98.15 ± 3.13 72 92.27 ± 2.83 5.89 (−2.43–14.21) 0.164
24-weeks 68 96.79 ± 2.95 72 89.28 ± 2.42 7.51 (0.01–15.02) 0.05 0.159 0.503
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 68 93.07 ± 3.72 72 89.39 ± 3.00 3.69 (−5.72–13.09) 0.440
12-weeks 68 91.68 ± 2.99 72 86.05 ± 2.79 5.63 (−2.45–13.71) 0.170
24-weeks 68 90.66 ± 2.77 72 82.91 ± 2.28 7.75 (0.69–14.82) 0.032 0.109 0.660
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 68 95.69 ± 3.71 72 93.10 ± 3.02 2.59 (−6.81–11.99) 0.586
12-weeks 68 95.51 ± 3.08 72 89.30 ± 2.81 6.21 (−2.02–14.44) 0.138
24-weeks 68 94.06 ± 2.87 72 86.33 ± 2.37 7.74 (0.41–15.06) 0.039 0.125 0.498
PI Baseline 68 0.96 ± 0.026 72 0.99 ± 0.019 −0.03 (−0.09–0.03) 0.347
12-weeks 68 1.04 ± 0.023 72 0.96 ± 0.016 0.084 (0.029–0.139) 0.003
24-weeks 68 0.98 ± 0.027 72 0.88 ± 0.017 0.095 (0.033–0.157) 0.003 0.047 <0.001
RI Baseline 68 0.58 ± 0.009 72 0.59 ± 0.007 −0.017 (−0.04–0.006) 0.146
12-weeks 68 0.61 ± 0.008 72 0.58 ± 0.006 0.029 (0.01–0.047) 0.003
24-weeks 68 0.59 ± 0.009 72 0.55 ± 0.007 0.033 (0.01–0.056) 0.005 0.088 <0.001
Right middle artery (RMA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 85 95.51 ± 2.36 85 92.37 ± 2.25 3.14 (−3.29–9.57) 0.337
12-weeks 85 97.11 ± 2.17 85 90.58 ± 1.91 6.53 (0.82–12.24) 0.025
24-weeks 85 94.20 ± 1.81 85 86.21 ± 1.63 7.99 (3.18–12.81) 0.001 0.012 0.249
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 85 88.75 ± 2.34 85 85.80 ± 2.22 2.95 (−3.42–9.32) 0.361
12-weeks 85 88.98 ± 2.04 85 84.25 ± 1.91 4.73 (−0.78–10.25) 0.092
24-weeks 85 86.34 ± 1.80 85 79.64 ± 1.58 6.71 (1.99–11.43) 0.006 0.022 0.446
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 85 91.91 ± 2.35 85 88.80 ± 2.23 3.11 (−3.29–9.51) 0.339
12-weeks 85 93.98 ± 2.11 85 87.10 ± 1.92 6.88 (1.25–12.51) 0.017
24-weeks 85 90.35 ± 1.80 85 83.74 ± 1.62 6.61 (1.83–11.40) 0.007 0.017 0.360
PI Baseline 85 0.94 ± 0.022 85 1.00 ± 0.021 −0.06 (−0.113–0.005) 0.071
12-weeks 85 1.03 ± 0.023 85 0.96 ± 0.019 0.06 (0.004–0.122) 0.038
24-weeks 85 0.94 ± 0.021 85 0.87 ± 0.021 0.07 (0.013–0.129) 0.017 0.057 <0.001
RI Baseline 85 0.57 ± 0.009 85 0.59 ± 0.009 −0.02 (−0.045–0.004) 0.100
12-weeks 85 0.60 ± 0.01 85 0.58 ± 0.008 0.017 (−0.01–0.04) 0.182
24-weeks 85 0.58 ± 0.009 85 0.55 ± 0.009 0.027 (0.002–0.051) 0.032 0.066 <0.001
Left posterior artery (LPA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 68 53.66 ± 1.34 67 54.61 ± 1.37 −0.95 (−4.75–2.85) 0.621
12-weeks 68 54.36 ± 1.29 67 50.71 ± 1.19 3.65 (0.16–7.14) 0.041
24-weeks 68 54.32 ± 1.12 67 51.50 ± 1.30 2.82 (−0.57–6.22) 0.103 0.133 0.140
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 68 48.71 ± 1.31 67 49.15 ± 1.38 −0.44 (−4.21–3.32) 0.816
12-weeks 68 49.63 ± 1.25 67 46.02 ± 1.08 3.61 (0.34–6.88) 0.031
24-weeks 68 49.38 ± 0.97 67 46.51 ± 1.21 2.87 (−0.19–5.94) 0.066 0.088 0.182
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 68 51.24 ± 1.32 67 51.97 ± 1.38 −0.74 (−4.51–3.04) 0.701
12-weeks 68 51.94 ± 1.25 67 48.59 ± 1.17 3.35 (−0.05–6.74) 0.053
24-weeks 68 52.02 ± 1.01 67 49.12 ± 1.17 2.90 (−0.15–5.95) 0.062 0.122 0.177
PI Baseline 68 1.03 ± 0.023 67 1.06 ± 0.022 −0.03 (−0.09–0.032) 0.329
12-weeks 68 1.13 ± 0.022 67 1.03 ± 0.019 0.092 (0.034–0.151) 0.002
24-weeks 68 1.02 ± 0.029 67 0.95 ± 0.022 0.07 (−0.001–0.141) 0.055 0.074 0.003
RI Baseline 68 0.61 ± 0.008 67 0.62 ± 0.007 −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) 0.360
12-weeks 68 0.64 ± 0.007 67 0.61 ± 0.007 0.03 (0.011–0.050) 0.003
24-weeks 68 0.60 ± 0.01 67 0.58 ± 0.008 0.023 (−0.002–0.048) 0.071 0.08 0.006
Right posterior artery (RPA)
BFVmax, cm/s Baseline 56 49.55 ± 1.57 64 51.55 ± 1.59 −1.99 (−6.44–2.45) 0.376
12-weeks 56 51.71 ± 1.28 64 49.90 ± 1.36 1.80 (−1.91–5.52) 0.339
24-weeks 56 53.16 ± 1.29 64 50.51 ± 1.16 2.66 (−0.78–6.09) 0.128 0.547 0.200
BFVmin, cm/s Baseline 56 45.04 ± 1.53 64 46.39 ± 1.53 −1.36 (−5.67–2.96) 0.535
12-weeks 56 46.92 ± 1.20 64 44.85 ± 1.31 2.07 (−1.48–5.62) 0.251
24-weeks 56 48.75 ± 1.29 64 45.32 ± 1.06 3.43 (0.16–6.71) 0.04 0.298 0.179
BFVmean, cm/s Baseline 56 47.23 ± 1.55 64 49.28 ± 1.57 −2.05 (−6.44–2.24) 0.357
12-weeks 56 49.66 ± 1.28 64 47.46 ± 1.30 2.20 (−1.44–5.83) 0.233
24-weeks 56 50.90 ± 1.25 64 47.88 ± 1.08 3.03 (−0.23–6.28) 0.068 0.429 0.134
PI Baseline 56 1.04 ± 0.025 64 1.09 ± 0.023 −0.05 (−0.117–0.015) 0.128
12-weeks 56 1.12 ± 0.024 64 1.01 ± 0.020 0.11 (0.05–0.174) <0.001
24-weeks 56 1.02 ± 0.028 64 0.87 ± 0.023 0.14 (0.07–0.21) <0.001 0.005 <0.001
RI Baseline 56 0.61 ± 0.008 64 0.63 ± 0.008 −0.02 (−0.04–0.003) 0.09
12-weeks 56 0.64 ± 0.008 64 0.60 ± 0.007 0.04 (0.018–0.058) <0.001
24-weeks 56 0.60 ± 0.01 64 0.55 ± 0.009 0.05 (0.028–0.08) <0.001 0.004 <0.001

Abbreviations: BFV, blood flow velocity; PI, pulsatility index; RI, resistance index.