Table 5.
The traditional risk factors of cardiovascular diseases at all time points.
| Variables | Time points | Control | Baduanjin | Mean difference (95% CI) | P value | Mixed linear model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SE | n | Mean ± SE | P-value (between-groups) | P-value (Time × Group) | ||||
| TC (mmol/L) | Baseline | 85 | 1.57 ± 0.09 | 85 | 1.48 ± 0.08 | 0.09 (−1.56~0.32) | 0.489 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 1.53 ± 0.09 | 85 | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 0.21 (0.01~0.42) | 0.05 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 2.03 ± 0.13 | 85 | 1.75 ± 0.09 | 0.28 (−0.04~0.59) | 0.09 | 0.088 | 0.315 | |
| TG (mmol/L) | Baseline | 85 | 5.67 ± 0.14 | 85 | 5.32 ± 0.10 | 0.35 (0.01~0.69) | 0.042 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 5.22 ± 0.12 | 85 | 5.00 ± 0.10 | 0.22 (−0.09~0.53) | 0.162 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 5.57 ± 0.12 | 85 | 5.37 ± 0.11 | 0.20 (−0.13~0.53) | 0.241 | 0.084 | 0.451 | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | Baseline | 85 | 1.32 ± 0.03 | 85 | 1.33 ± 0.03 | −0.01 (−0.10~0.08) | 0.759 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | 85 | 1.34 ± 0.03 | 0.00 (−0.09~0.09) | 0.986 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 1.41 ± 0.04 | 85 | 1.39 ± 0.03 | 0.02 (−0.08~0.11) | 0.688 | 0.970 | 0.667 | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | Baseline | 85 | 3.78 ± 0.13 | 85 | 3.43 ± 0.09 | 0.35 (0.03~0.65) | 0.03 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 3.57 ± 0.11 | 85 | 3.37 ± 0.10 | 0.20 (−0.09~0.49) | 0.174 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 2.70 ± 0.10 | 85 | 2.63 ± 0.09 | 0.07 (−0.19~0.32) | 0.614 | 0.113 | 0.091 | |
| FGB (mmol/L) | Baseline | 85 | 5.88 ± 0.21 | 85 | 5.75 ± 0.10 | 0.13 (−0.33~0.59) | 0.584 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 5.71 ± 0.14 | 85 | 5.55 ± 0.08 | 0.16 (−0.16~0.48) | 0.328 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 5.86 ± 0.19 | 85 | 5.71 ± 0.11 | 0.15 (−0.28~0.58) | 0.487 | 0.445 | 0.960 | |
| Hcy (mmol/L) | Baseline | 85 | 11.44 ± 0.64 | 85 | 12.14 ± 0.66 | −0.70 (−2.52~1.12) | 0.448 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 13.17 ± 0.67 | 85 | 13.07 ± 0.62 | 0.10 (−1.69~1.89) | 0.912 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 13.21 ± 0.80 | 85 | 13.27 ± 0.62 | −0.06 (−2.05~1.94) | 0.958 | 0.804 | 0.240 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Baseline | 85 | 25.25 ± 0.34 | 85 | 24.61 ± 0.35 | 0.64 (−0.31~1.59) | 0.188 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 24.96 ± 0.34 | 85 | 24.20 ± 0.35 | 0.76 (−0.21~1.73) | 0.124 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 24.87 ± 0.33 | 85 | 24.28 ± 0.36 | 0.58 (−0.38~1.55) | 0.235 | 0.174 | 0.221 | |
| WC (cm) | Baseline | 85 | 87.95 ± 0.97 | 85 | 86.93 ± 1.02 | 1.02 (−1.76~3.81) | 0.469 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 87.85 ± 1.00 | 85 | 84.03 ± 0.92 | 3.82 (1.13~6.51) | 0.006 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 88.67 ± 0.96 | 85 | 84.64 ± 0.98 | 4.02 (1.32~6.73) | 0.004 | 0.03 | <0.001 | |
| HC (cm) | Baseline | 85 | 96.65 ± 0.71 | 85 | 96.09 ± 0.79 | 0.55 (−1.53~2.64) | 0.602 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 96.50 ± 0.65 | 85 | 94.76 ± 0.70 | 1.74 (−0.15~3.62) | 0.071 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 96.52 ± 0.64 | 85 | 94.63 ± 0.71 | 1.89 (0.00~3.79) | 0.05 | 0.151 | 0.006 | |
| Waist/hip ratio (%) | Baseline | 85 | 0.91 ± 0.006 | 85 | 0.90 ± 0.007 | 0.01 (−0.01~0.03) | 0.385 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 0.91 ± 0.007 | 85 | 0.89 ± 0.006 | 0.02 (0.01~0.04) | 0.012 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 0.92 ± 0.006 | 85 | 0.89 ± 0.006 | 0.03 (0.01~0.04) | 0.007 | 0.034 | 0.033 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | Baseline | 85 | 134.3 ± 2.04 | 85 | 135.9 ± 2.01 | −1.68 (−7.33~3.97) | 0.557 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 133.5 ± 1.92 | 85 | 122.2 ± 1.39 | 11.27 (6.59~15.96) | <0.001 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 136.0 ± 2.18 | 85 | 125.7 ± 1.68 | 10.37 (4.93~15.81) | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | Baseline | 85 | 79.27 ± 1.20 | 85 | 79.62 ± 1.19 | −0.35 (−3.69~2.99) | 0.835 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 78.35 ± 1.18 | 85 | 75.26 ± 0.91 | 3.05 (0.08~6.02) | 0.044 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 80.20 ± 1.19 | 85 | 76.57 ± 0.95 | 2.93 (−0.23~6.08) | 0.069 | 0.113 | 0.023 | |
| HR (times/min) | Baseline | 85 | 77.9 ± 1.0 | 85 | 78.1 ± 1.0 | −0.17 (−2.97~2.64) | 0.908 | ||
| 12-weeks | 85 | 76.1 ± 1.0 | 85 | 73.6 ± 0.8 | 2.70 (0.15~5.25) | 0.038 | |||
| 24-weeks | 85 | 73.2 ± 0.9 | 85 | 71.9 ± 0.9 | 1.64 (−1.12~4.41) | 0.242 | 0.269 | 0.069 | |
Abbreviations: TC, Total cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; LDL-C, Low density lipoprotein; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein; FGB, Fasting blood glucose; Hcy, Homocysteine; BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; HC, Hip circumference; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; HR, Heart rate.