Table 6.

The related psychological outcomes at all time points.

Variables	Time points	Control		Baduanjin		Mean difference (95% CI)	P value	Mixed linear model
		n	Mean ± SE	n	Mean ± SE			P-value (between-groups)	P-value (Time × Group)
Mood (POMS)	Baseline	85	100.2 ± 1.61	85	103.2 ± 1.70	−2.98 (−7.61~1.66)	0.206
	12-weeks	85	105.8 ± 1.63	85	92.61 ± 1.10	13.22 (9.35~17.10)	<0.001
	24-weeks	85	104.3 ± 1.32	85	92.82 ± 1.14	11.45 (8.01~14.88)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Self-confidence	Baseline	85	28.48 ± 0.32	85	27.92 ± 0.26	0.57 (−0.25~1.38)	0.173
	12-weeks	85	27.69 ± 0.31	85	29.22 ± 0.25	−1.53(−2.31~−0.75)	<0.001
	24-weeks	85	27.63 ± 0.27	85	28.76 ± 0.22	−1.13 (−1.81~−0.45)	0.001	0.037	<0.001
Self-esteem	Baseline	85	28.38 ± 0.26	85	28.08 ± 0.27	0.30 (−0.44~1.03)	0.430
	12-weeks	85	27.79 ± 0.25	85	29.45 ± 0.24	−1.66 (−2.34~−0.98)	<0.001
	24-weeks	85	27.66 ± 0.24	85	29.16 ± 0.23	−1.51 (−2.15~−0.86)	<0.001	0.002	<0.001
Quality of life (SF-36)
SF-36 (Physical health)	Baseline	85	67.63 ± 1.73	85	64.18 ± 1.76	3.45 (−1.43~8.33)	0.165
	12-weeks	85	59.52 ± 1.92	85	78.63 ± 1.26	−19.1 (−23.6~−14.7)	<0.001
	24-weeks	85	59.26 ± 1.89	85	79.13 ± 1.21	−19.9 (−24.3~−15.4)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
SF-36 (Mind health)	Baseline	85	75.77 ± 1.55	85	72.46 ± 1.84	3.31 (−1.44~8.06)	0.171
	12-weeks	85	71.11 ± 1.73	85	82.78 ± 1.16	−11.7 (−15.8~−7.55)	<0.001
	24-weeks	85	70.41 ± 1.66	85	84.17 ± 1.07	−13.8 (−17.7~−9.87)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Sleep quality (Pitsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI)
PSQI	Baseline	85	7.68 ± 0.37	85	7.81 ± 0.38	−0.13 (−1.17~0.91)	0.806
	12-weeks	85	7.99 ± 0.36	85	5.50 ± 0.25	2.49 (1.63~3.35)	<0.001
	24-weeks	85	8.50 ± 0.38	85	5.85 ± 0.27	2.65 (1.74~3.57)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001