Fig. 4. Knockdown of CYTL1 promotes osteogenesis of hMSCs.

a–c hMSCs were transfected with lentiviruses (25 MOI) expressing control shRNA or two different CYTL1-targeting shRNAs and cultured under the osteogenic differentiation-inducing conditions for the indicated number of days. a CYTL1 mRNA levels (n = 6). b Representative images of Alizarin red S staining and relative mineralization levels (n = 7). c ALPL mRNA level and enzyme activity (n = 7). d, e Expression of hMSC markers (CD44, CD29, and CD90) in hMSCs infected with lentiviruses (20 MOI) expressing control shRNA or two different CYTL1-targeting shRNAs (d, n = 5). Data represent the means ± SEM of the indicated number of independent experiments (e); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, and ***p < 0.0005, as determined by two-tailed t-test; ns not significant. See also Figure S1