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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1136. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37833-8

Table 1.

Studies reporting herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) seroprevalence in the Middle East and North Africa.

Author, year Year(s) of data collection Country Study site Study design Sampling method Population HSV-1 serological assay Sample size HSV-1 seroprevalence (%)
Healthy children populations (n = 21)
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 1–4 years old children ELISA 159b 55.2
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 5–9 years old children ELISA 159b 80.5
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 10–14 years old children ELISA 160b 86.4
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 1–5 years old males ELISA 55 60.0
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 6–10 years old males ELISA 59 74.5
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 1–5 years old females ELISA 46 50.0
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 6–10 years old females ELISA 58 81.1
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv 6 months-2 years old infants Nab 34 23.5
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv 3–5 years old children Nab 33 39.4
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv 6–10 years old children Nab 36 69.4
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv 11–15 years old children Nab 32 81.3
Healthy adult populations (n = 60)
Ahmed, 199556 — Pakistan Outpatient clinic CSa Conv Healthy controls EIA 56 73.2
Hossain, 198657 — KSA Outpatient clinic CS Conv Pregnant women IFA 1,186 92.0
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 21–30 years old males ELISA 48 85.4
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv >30 years old males ELISA 86 94.1
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 21–30 years old females ELISA 68 88.2
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv >30 years old females ELISA 43 95.3
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Pregnant women ELISA 55 100
Jafarzadeh, 201158 2007–08 Iran Hospital CS Conv >40 years old blood donors ELISA 60 33.3
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv 16–20 years old adults Nab 32 87.5
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv 21–30 years old adults Nab 32 96.9
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv 31–40 years old adults Nab 30 100
Meguenni, 198955 — Algeria Community CS Conv >40 years old adults Nab 35 100
Memish, 201559 2012–13 KSA Outpatient clinic CS RS Healthy females ELISA 2,157 90.9
Memish, 201559 2012–13 KSA Outpatient clinic CS RS Healthy males ELISA 2,828 87.1
Nabipour, 200660 2004-04 Iran Community CS Cluster RS Healthy males ELISA 881 83.8
Nabipour, 200660 2003–04 Iran Community CS Cluster RS Healthy female ELISA 910 88.6
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Mixed Outpatient clinic CS Conv Female blood donors ELISA 88 84.1
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Pakistan Outpatient clinic CS RS Blood donor Pakistani males ELISA 200 77.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Iran Outpatient clinic CS Conv Blood donor Iranian males ELISA 113 81.4
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Sudan Outpatient clinic CS Conv Blood donor Sudanese males ELISA 129 90.7
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Yemen Outpatient clinic CS Conv Blood donor Yemeni males ELISA 148 92.6
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv ≤24 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 50 92.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv 25–29 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 50 100
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv 30–34 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 50 98.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv 35–39 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 50 98.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv 40–44 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 50 98.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv 45–49 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 50 100
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv 50–54 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 39 94.9
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Egypt Outpatient clinic CS Conv ≥55 years old blood donor Egyptians males ELISA 19 100
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv ≤24 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 70.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv 25–29 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 62.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv 30–34 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 80.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv 35–39 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 82.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv 40–44 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 84.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv 45–49 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 96.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv 50–54 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 92.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Qatar Outpatient clinic CS Conv ≥55 years old blood donor Qatari males ELISA 50 92.0
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Jordan Outpatient clinic CS Conv Blood donor Jordanian males ELISA 200 86.5
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Palestine Outpatient clinic CS Conv Blood donor Palestinians males ELISA 200 80.5
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Blood donor Syrian males ELISA 200 88.5
Nasrallah, 201847 2013–16 Lebanon Outpatient clinic CS Conv Blood donor Lebanese males ELISA 118 81.4
Obeid, 200761 2004–04 KSA Hospital CS Conv Pregnant women ELISA 459 84.1
Patnaik, 200762 — Morocco Hospital CS Conv Pregnant women WB 169 98.8
Pourmand, 200963 — Iran Outpatient clinic CS Conv Pregnant women ELISA 65 55.4
Ziyaeyan, 200764 — Iran Hospital CS Conv 16–20 years old pregnant women Nab 104 83.6
Ziyaeyan, 200764 — Iran Hospital CS Conv 21–25 years old pregnant women Nab 125 94.4
Ziyaeyan, 200764 — Iran Hospital CS Conv 26–30 years old pregnant women Nab 113 90.3
Ziyaeyan, 200764 — Iran Hospital CS Conv 31–35 years old pregnant women Nab 44 95.4
Ziyaeyan, 200764 — Iran Hospital CS Conv 36–40 years old pregnant women Nab 14 100
Healthy age-mixed populations (n = 5)
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 11–20 years old males ELISA 57 77.1
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv 11–20 years old females ELISA 134 83.6
RezaeiC, 201265 2010–11 Iran Outpatient clinic CS Cluster RS Healthy population ELISA 800 58.4
RezaeiC, 201266 2010–11 Iran Outpatient clinic CS Cluster RS <85 years old patients ELISA 200 65.5
Clinical adult populations (n = 20)
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with labials herpes ELISA 36 100
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with atherosclerosis ELISA 60 100
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Kidney transplant patients ELISA 32 96.9
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with herpetic keratitis ELISA 14 85.7
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with STDs ELISA 21 90.5
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with cervical cancer ELISA 51 100
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv HIV positive patients ELISA 25 96.0
Jafarzadeh, 201158 2007–08 Iran Hospital CS Conv Patients with myocardial infarction ELISA 120 60.8
Janier, 199967 1994–94 Mixed Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with STDs EIA 99 98.9
Clinical age-mixed population (n = 4)
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with encephalitis ELISA 51 58.8
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Outpatient clinic CS Conv Patients with meningitis ELISA 21 85.7
Other populations (n = 10)
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 15–19 years old healthy and HIV infected adults ELISA 494b 92.2
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 20–29 years old healthy and HIV infected adults ELISA 494b 92.1
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 30–34 years old healthy and HIV infected adults ELISA 494b 95.0
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 35–39 years old healthy and HIV infected adults ELISA 494b 98.8
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv 40–45 years old healthy and HIV infected adults ELISA 494b 100
Cowan, 200353 1998–00 Morocco Outpatient clinic CS Conv >45 years old healthy and HIV infected adults ELISA 493b 100
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–98 Syria Community CS Conv Female sex workers ELISA 54 100
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–99 Syria Community CS Conv Female sex workers ELISA 47 100
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–100 Syria Community CS Conv Arab bar-girls ELISA 50 98.0
Ibrahim, 200054 1995–101 Syria Community CS Conv Foreign bar-girls ELISA 75 92.0

aActual study design was cohort but the extracted seroprevalence measure was for the baseline measurement.

bStudy included overall sample size, but no individual strata sample sizes. Each stratum sample size was assumed equal to overall sample size divided by the number of strata in the study.

Abbreviations: Conv = Convenience, CS = Cross-sectional, EIA = Enzyme immunoassay, ELISA = Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HIV = Human immunodeficiency virus, HSV-1 = Herpes simplex virus type 1, IFA = Indirect fluorescent assay, KSA = Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Nab = Neutralization test with neutralizing antibody, RS = Random sampling, STD = Sexually transmitted disease, TORCH = Toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes infections, WB = Western blot.