Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable meta-regression analyses for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) seroprevalence in the Middle East and North Africa.
| Studies | Samples | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N | Total n | RR (95% CI) | p-value | Variance explained adjusted R2 (%) | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
| ARR (95% CI) | p-value | ARR (95% CI) | p-value | |||||||
| Age bracket | Children | 11 | 831 | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | — | — | |
| Adults | 68 | 15,401 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 0.000 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 0.000 | — | — | ||
| Age-mixed | 6 | 1,263 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.806 | 44.3 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.580 | — | — | |
| Age group | <10 | 9 | 639 | 1.0 | — | — | — | 1.0 | — | |
| 10–19 | 7 | 1,013 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.003 | — | — | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.002 | ||
| 20–29 | 8 | 980 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.000 | — | — | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 0.000 | ||
| ≥30 | 24 | 2,965 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.000 | — | — | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 0.000 | ||
| Mixed | 37 | 11,898 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 0.000 | 28.7 | — | — | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.000 | |
| Assay type | ELISA | 68 | 15,321 | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EIA | 2 | 155 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.915 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Nab | 13 | 664 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.826 | — | — | — | — | ||
| IFA | 1 | 1,186 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 0.687 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Western blot | 1 | 169 | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 0.434 | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | |
| Country’s income | LMIC | 49 | 6,347 | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | |
| UMIC | 22 | 3,931 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.016 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.044 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.044 | ||
| HIC | 12 | 7,030 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.440 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.076 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.101 | ||
| Mixed | 2 | 187 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.822 | 3.3 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.847 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.848 | |
| Population type | Healthy general populations | 64 | 13,776 | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | |
| Clinical populations | 11 | 530 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.355 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.967 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.987 | ||
| Other populations | 10 | 3,189 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.064 | 4.6 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.839 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.706 | |
| Sample sizec | <100 | 14 | 679 | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ≥100 | 71 | 16,816 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.712 | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | |
| Sampling method | Non-probability-based | 81 | 14,704 | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | |
| Probability based | 4 | 2,791 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.070 | 9.3 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.621 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.251 | |
| Sex | Female | 23 | 6,115 | 1.0 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Male | 31 | 6,080 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.713 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Mixed | 31 | 5,300 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.210 | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | |
| Year of data collection | 85 | 17,495 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.993 | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Year of publication | 85 | 17,495 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.911 | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | — |
aVariance explained by the final multivariable model 1 (adjusted R2) = 48.6%.
bVariance explained by the final multivariable model 2 (adjusted R2) = 40.2%.
cSample size denotes the sample size of the study population found in the original publication.
Abbreviations: ARR = Adjusted relative risk, CI = Confidence interval, EIA = Enzyme immunoassay, ELISA = Enzyme-linked immunosorbent type-specific assay, HIC = High-income country, IFA = Immunofluorescence assay, LMIC = Lower-middle-income country, Nab = Neutralizing antibody assay, RR = Relative risk, UMIC = Upper-middle-income country.