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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1328. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36675-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Illustration of different installation geometries. (b) Earthquake (M4.2 Geysers 2018-Jan-18) trace comparison for each installation mode at Sacramento – trenched conduit (green), cased conduit (blue), attached conduit (red); strain-rate data are stacked over 100 m and filtered (BP 0.5–2 Hz n 4 p 2). (c) Normalized Fourier amplitude spectra for the waveforms shown in b.