Figure 8.

In vivo browning and M2 polarization effects of telmisartan at 30°C. C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks old, male) were administered vehicle (0.9% saline) or telmisartan (1 or 3 mg/kg, p.o., once daily) for 2 weeks under constant conditions (temperature: 30 ± 2 °C, humidity: 40–60%, under a 12 h light/dark cycle). Body weights, adipose tissue weights and nonfasting blood glucose levels were measured weekly. Oral glucose tolerance testing was performed after overnight fasting (a). Ex vivo OCRs of various adipose depots were determined using a Mito-ID^® O₂ extracellular sensor kit (b). The levels of UCP-1 and ARG-1 in fats were determined by real time qPCR (c). Mitochondrial biogenesis was measured by Mitotracker staining (d) (red labeling, scale bar = 20 μm). Adipose tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (e), and UCP-1 immunostained fat tissues were examined under a microscope (f) (scale bar = 20 μm, brown labeling). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005 vs. vehicle.