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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1252. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38137-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of riboflavin/ultraviolet light (RF/UVA) treatment on the mechanical characteristics of human dentin. (A) Flexural strength of human dentin after RF/UVA treatment. (B) Effect of UV irradiation time on flexural strength of human dentin (UVA: 1,600 mW/cm², 0.1% RF for 1 min). (C) Toughness of human dentin after RF/UVA treatment. (D) Elastic modulus of human dentin after RF/UVA treatment. *Statistically significant differences were detected compared to control. (One or two-way ANOVA and Scheffe’s F test, P < 0.05, n = 5–7). (E–G) Scanning electron microscope images of fractured surfaces after a flexural test. (E) Control group, (F) UVA 1,600 mW/cm² for 10 min, (G) 0.1% RF for 1 min + UVA 1,600 mW/cm² for 10 min. The dentin in the control group (E) showed a flat fracture surface with clear microstructures, while the specimens subjected to the UVA (F) and RF/UVA (G) treatments showed rougher surfaces with gaps in the peritubular dentin.