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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1252. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38137-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic diagram of automatic pH-cycling system. (A) Schema of the pH-cycling system. Demineralizing and remineralizing solutions were pumped into a plastic beaker with two delivery pumps controlled by a programmable timer. (B) Twenty-four-hour pH fluctuation patterns. (a) Demineralizing cycle (simulating a high carious risk condition); six cycles per day (at 06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, and 21:00). The average time for the pH to reach 5.5 or less during each cycle was 30 min, and the average time to return to the initial pH was 50 min. (b) Remineralizing cycle (simulating a low carious risk condition); three cycles per day (at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00). The average time for the pH to reach 5.5 or less during each cycle was 8 min, and the average time to return to the initial pH was 23 min.