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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1387. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38198-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunohistochemical Analysis of MS Brain Tissue. Five micron formalin fixed, paraffinized brain tissue sections from four demyelination subjects, three epilepsy controls, and a brain abscess positive control were studied. Photomicrographs displayed are representative. The tissue sections were processed using antigen retrieval followed by casein blocking. The sections were incubated with anti-peptidoglycan mAb (MAB995 or 2E9), anti-CD68 (macrophages, Abcam), anti-lysozyme (macrophages and neutrophils, Abcam), or an equivalent dilution of an isotype control Ab (IgG1, Invitrogen) overnight at 4 degrees. The sections were developed with anti-human IgG-biotin and avidin-HRP. Images shown are all magnified 125x. Brain tissue from subject MS-019 shows specific peptidoglycan staining with two different anti-peptidoglycan mAbs. Peptidoglycan signal is also seen in the brain abscess positive control, specimen MS-056, and epilepsy control subject 040.