Table 1.

Serum and plasma parameters in the CKD model.

Parameter (unit)	endpoint
	Sham	CKD	p-value
Serum sodium ion (mmol/L)	144 ± 1	144 ± 1	0.786
Serum potassium ion (mmol/L)	5.50 ± 0.26	6.46 ± 0.34*	0.039
Serum chloride ion (mmol/L)	104 ± 1	102 ± 1	0.083
Serum calcium ion (mmol/L)	2.61 ± 0.02	2.66 ± 0.11	0.556
Serum magnesium ion (mmol/L)	0.95 ± 0.02	1.30 ± 0.14*	0.012
Serum phosphate ion (mmol/L)	2.55 ± 0.06	3.21 ± 0.45	0.117
Blood glucose 0′ min (mmol/L)	5.55 ± 0.13	5.48 ± 0.16	0.719
Blood glucose 30′ min (mmol/L)	7.24 ± 0.35	7.85 ± 0.34	0.235
Blood glucose 60′ min (mmol/L)	7.36 ± 0.24	7.96 ± 0.23	0.088
Blood glucose 90′ min (mmol/L)	5.71 ± 0.12	5.86 ± 0.17	0.519
Plasma insulin/plasma protein (ug/g)	0.032 ± 0.001	0.012 ± 0.002*	0.009

Values are mean ± SEM, n = 9–10, *p < 0.05 vs. control, unpaired t-test. CKD: chronic kidney disease.