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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1263. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37419-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Astrocytes were activated by the cranial window operation on the GFAP-EGFP mice brain. Immunohistochemistry for EGFP (green) and GFAP (red) expression in cerebral cortex 10 hours (A) and two days (B) after craniotomy in one side (ipsilateral; Ipsi). The contralateral sides (Contra) are shown as a control (Ac,d,g and h). (Ae–h and Be–h) Higher magnifications of the boxes in top panels are shown. GFAP-driven EGFP was only detectable in the operated side of cortex with delay of more than one day. Filled arrowheads and open arrowheads indicate EGFP-positive/GFAP-positive astrocytes and EGFP-negative/GFAP-positive astrocytes, respectively. Scale bar, 500 µm (Ab) and 50 µm (Af).