Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Feb 4;9:1177. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38018-z

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

In vitro 5-HT release is stimulated by Clostridium ramosum. (A) Level of 5-HT released from RIN14B cells after exposure to C. ramosum supernatant, heat inactivated cell lysate or to ionomycin for 1 h. Means ± SEM of n = 7–12 per group are shown. (B) Level of 5-HT released from mouse small intestinal organoids after exposure to culture supernatant or heat inactivated cell lysate of C. ramosum for 7 days. Means ± SEM of n = 6 per group are shown. (C) mRNA expression of Tph1 and SERT derived from RIN14B cells 1 h after exposure to culture supernatant or heat killed lysate of C. ramosum, or to ionomycin. (D) Level of 5-HT released from mouse colonic organoids after exposure to culture supernatant or heat inactivated cell lysate of C. ramosum and 2% lipid mixture. Means ± SEM of n = 2–3 per group are shown. Differences among all 6 groups were analyzed by one-way Anova and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. ^#p < 0.05; ^##p < 0.01 for Cra lysates + lipid mixture versus vehicle + lipid mixture and Cra supernatant respectively. (E) Level of 5-HT released from RIN14B cells after exposure to supernatants or heat inactivated cell lysates of Anaerostipes caccae, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium longum, Blautia product, Clostridium butyricum, Escherichia coli, Clostridium ramosum and Lactobacillus plantarum and vehicle (BHI:YCFA medium). Means ± SEM of n = 6 per group are shown. Differences among all groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s Post-hoc tests. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.