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. 2019 Feb 4;9:1198. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37733-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of cortical bone on the OXM merge depth in water. (a) Shows Monte Carlo simulations of a heatmap of energy deposition by 320 kVp (3.8-mm Cu-HVL) xray minibeams, 300-micron, spaced 700 microns on center, 5-mm-thick tungsten multislit collimator with parallel blades, with a simulated 5-mm slab of cortical bone (density = 1.85) at x > 0 and 0 < z < 0.5 cm. Increased energy deposition is seen in the bone region and a slightly decreased intensity of minibeams is seen in water at x > 0 and z > 0.5 cm, due to attenuation in the bone. Nevertheless, this attenuation led to minimal effect on the merge depth of the minibeams, which occurs at approximately 4-cm depth in water. (b) Shows the horizontal profiles of (a) at depth intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4-cm for the entire horizontal width of the array. As indicated in the description of (a), the profiles vividly demonstrate that a 5-mm bone has a large effect on the attenuation of x-rays, while it has almost no effect on the merging depth of the minibeam array. The latter is clear from the fact that the profile at the 4-cm depth is completely flat from left to right.