In vivo tracing of MSC in mice, rabbits and monkey. (a) In vivo imaging system (IVIS) assays showed that MSC (luciferase expression, bioluminescence signal) could only be detected in the lung area of mice. Ex vivo analysis of different mouse organs showed similar results. n=10 mice, 3 rabbits. H, heart; Li, liver; S, spleen; L, lung; K, kidney. (b) 3D reconstruction imaging of the in vivo distribution of MSC in mice. Results are representative of more than 3 independent experiments. (c) IVIS assay of MSC in rabbit, a strong bioluminescence signal was detected in both in vivo and ex vivo assay of rabbit lung. n=3 rabbits. The results shown were obtained from 3 independent experiments. (d) MR imaging assay of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle-labeled MSC in a cynomolgus monkey, MRI assays were performed at 0 (before MSC/NP injection), 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-injection of MSC/NP. n=1 monkey, and 1 MRI assay was performed at each time point. L, lung; H, heart; S, stomach; K, kidney.