Table 1. Characteristics of Children Surveyed, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2008 and 2013–2016a .
| Characteristic | 2005–2008 |
2013–2016 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 3,633) | With Hypertension |
Overall (n = 3,471) | With Hypertension |
|||
| 2004 NIH/NHLBIb (n = 84) | 2017 AAPc (n = 135) | 2004 NIH/NHLBIb (n = 84) | 2017 AAPc (n = 135) | |||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 13 (10–15) | 12 (10–15) | 12 (10–16) | 12 (10–15) | 10 (9–13) | 11 (9–14) |
| Age group, no. (%), y | ||||||
| 8–12 | 1,370 (37.7) | 47 (40.5) | 79 (40.1) | 1,565 (45.1) | 55 (65.5) | 87 (64.4) |
| 13–17 | 2,263 (62.3) | 69 (59.5) | 118 (59.9) | 1,906 (54.9) | 29 (34.5) | 48 (35.6) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1,823 (50.2) | 54 (46.5) | 102 (51.8) | 1,758 (50.7) | 45 (53.6) | 83 (61.5) |
| Female | 1810 (49.8) | 62 (53.5) | 95 (48.2) | 1,713 (49.3) | 39 (46.4) | 52 (38.5) |
| Race/ethnicity, no. (%) | ||||||
| Mexican American | 1,077 (29.6) | 31 (26.7) | 48 (24.4) | 749 (21.6) | 26 (31.0) | 36 (26.7) |
| Other Hispanic | 268 (7.4) | 6 (5.2) | 8 (4.1) | 405 (11.7) | 12 (14.3) | 17 (12.6) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1,049 (28.9) | 34 (29.3) | 61 (31.0) | 960 (27.7) | 16 (19.0) | 33 (24.4) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,057 (29.1) | 41 (35.3) | 71 (36.0) | 835 (24.1) | 22 (26.2) | 31 (23.0) |
| Other | 182 (5.0) | 4 (3.5) | 9 (4.6) | 522 (15.0) | 8 (9.5) | 18 (13.3) |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 20.8 (18.0–24.8) | 23.3 (19.8–28.5) | 22.8 (19.4–27.6) | 20.6 (17.7–24.4) | 23.4 (19.7–26.5) | 22.8 (19.1–26.5) |
| Overweight/obesity, no. (%) | ||||||
| No | 2,131 (59.1) | 42 (37.2) | 84 (43.7) | 1,997 (58.2) | 24 (29.3) | 44 (34.7) |
| Yes | 1,472 (40.9) | 71 (62.8) | 108 (56.3) | 1,434 (41.8) | 58 (70.7) | 83 (65.3) |
| Blood pressure, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Systolic | 107 (100–113) | 128 (122–133) | 123 (117–131) | 105 (99–112) | 124 (119–131) | 121 (117–129) |
| Diastolic | 58 (50–65) | 62 (54–72) | 66 (55–80) | 57 (49–64) | 57 (46–67) | 59 (46–74) |
| Hypertension category among all participants | ||||||
| Normal blood pressure | NA | 3,150 (86.7) | 3,079 (84.8) | NA | 3,137 (90.4) | 3,084 (88.8) |
| Prehypertension or elevated hypertension | NA | 367 (10.1) | 357 (9.8) | NA | 250 (7.2) | 252 (7.3) |
| Stage 1 hypertension | NA | 110 (3.0) | 184 (5.1) | NA | 80 (2.3) | 120 (3.5) |
| Stage 2 hypertension | NA | 6 (0.2) | 13 (0.4) | NA | 4 (0.1) | 15 (0.4) |
| High blood pressure | NA | 483 (13.3) | 554 (15.2) | NA | 334 (9.6) | 387 (11.2) |
| Hypertension (overall)d | NA | 116 (3.2) | 197 (5.5) | NA | 84 (2.4) | 135 (3.9) |
Abbreviations: AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; NIH/NHLBI, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
a
Percentages are column percentages unless otherwise indicated.
b
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (5).
c
Flynn and Falkner (8).
d
Category combines stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension.