Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by hypertensive status
| Subgroups | Total | Subgroup 1 | Subgroup 2 | Subgroup 3 | Subgroup 4 | P values* |
| Baseline | Normotensive | Normotensive | Hypertensive | Hypertensive | ||
| Follow-up | Normotensive | Hypertensive | Hypertensive | Normotensive | ||
| Number of participants, % | 3188 (100) | 907 (28) | 484 (15) | 1656 (52) | 141 (5) | |
| Number of eyes | 6376 | 1814 | 968 | 3312 | 282 | |
| Age, years | 54.4±8.5 | 50.1±6.5 | 52.5±7.3 | 57.5±8.6 | 52.7±8.2 | <0.001 |
| Gender, female | 1678 (53) | 470 (52) | 261 (54) | 883 (53) | 64 (45) | 0.278 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Malays | 1519 (48) | 365 (40) | 207 (43) | 871 (53) | 76 (54) | <0.001 |
| Indians | 1669 (52) | 542 (60) | 277 (57) | 785 (47) | 65 (46) | |
| Smoking Status | ||||||
| Never | 2235 (70) | 628 (69) | 331 (69) | 1188 (72) | 88 (63) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 534 (17) | 189 (21) | 93 (19) | 215 (13) | 34 (26) | |
| Past smoker | 415 (13) | 88 (10) | 60 (12) | 251 (15) | 16 (11) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.4±4.6 | 25.0±4.1 | 26.2±4.4 | 27.3±4.7 | 26.0±4.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 915 (30) | 125 (16) | 122 (26) | 639 (40) | 29 (21) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.3±1.4 | 5.8±0.8 | 6.3±1.6 | 6.5±1.4 | 6.2±1.2 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 137.2±21.2 | 119.2±10.6 | 127.5±8.6 | 149.8±20.14 | 139.0±13.7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 78.9±10.6 | 72.7±7.0 | 75.9±7.1 | 83.0±11.3 | 80.9±9.0 | <0.001 |
| Change in blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 0.2±19.6† | 2.9±11.2† | 14.0±16.2† | −4.4±22.0† | −10.3±13.8† | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | −1.2±10.5† | 1.0±6.8† | 5.0±8.9† | −4.0±11.5† | −4.4±8.9† | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medications | ||||||
| Neither examinations | 1782 (56) | 887 (100) | 341 (71) | 437 (26) | 117 (85) | <0.001 |
| Baseline only | 141 (5) | – | – | 121 (7) | 20 (15) | |
| Follow-up only | 500 (16) | – | 139 (29) | 361 (22) | – | |
| Both examinations | 737 (23) | – | – | 737 (45) | – | |
| IOP, mm Hg | 15.4±3.0 | 14.9±2.9 | 15.4±2.9 | 15.7±3.0 | 15.5±2.9 | <0.001 |
| Change in IOP, mm Hg | −0.5±3.1† | −0.4±3.0† | 0.0±3.1 | −0.6±3.2† | −0.8±3.1† | <0.001 |
Data are mean±SD or number (%), as appropriate.
*Test for differences between hypertensive groups, based on one-way analysis of variance test for continuous variables and with χ2 tests for categorical variables.
†P<0.05. Test for differences in continuous variables between baseline versus follow-up, based on Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test.
IOP, intraocular pressure.