Table 2.

Association with changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) assessed using multivariate linear regression models with generalised estimating equations (n=3188 persons; 6376 eyes)

Characteristics	Change in IOP (mm Hg)
	β (95% CI)
	Model 1†	Model 2‡*
Age, per 5 years	−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03)	−0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01)*
Gender, female	0.46 (0.29 to 0.64)**	0.35 (0.12 to 0.58)*
Ethnicity
Malays	Reference	Reference
Indians	0.69 (0.51 to 0.86)**	0.70 (0.52 to 0.89)**
Baseline IOP, mm Hg	−0.68 (−0.70 to −0.65)**	−0.69 (−0.71 to −0.66)**
Smoking status
Never	Reference
Current smoker	−0.22 (−0.51 to 0.07)	–
Past smoker	−0.14 (−0.46 to 0.19)	–
Body mass index, kg/m2	0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)**	0.02 (0.01 to 0.04)*
Diabetes	0.40 (0.19 to 0.60)**	0.27 (0.06 to 0.49)*
HbA1c (%)	0.09 (0.03 to 0.16)*	0.05 (−0.02 to 0.12)
Hypertensive status
Subgroup 1: normotensive at baseline and follow-up	Reference	Reference
Subgroup 2: normotensive at baseline and hypertensive at follow-up	0.76 (0.49 to 1.04)**	0.67 (0.39 to 0.95)**
Subgroup 3: hypertensive at baseline and follow-up	0.60 (0.38 to 0.82)**	0.46 (0.22 to 0.70)**
Subgroup 4: hypertensive at baseline and normotensive at follow-up	0.22 (−0.20 to 0.63)	0.18 (−0.24 to 0.60)

*Denotes P<0.05.

**Denotes P<0.001.

†Model 1 adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and IOP.

‡Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, IOP, body mass index, diabetes and hypertensive. When HbA1c was assessed as an exposure, diabetes was removed from the model.

–, data were intentionally omitted; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c.