Table 2: Characteristics of studies included in effectiveness meta-analysis (n = 14).
| Study | Setting | Study Design | Sample Size | Mean Age (years) | Quality Measure | # HELP interventions | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andro 2011 (France) | Acute care geriatric ward, 1 site † | Historically controlled (non-RMT) | 256 | 84.7 | 1/6 (O) | 5/6 (C, E, H, V, W) | Delirium |
| Babine 2013 (USA) | Medical ward † | Historically controlled (non-RMT) | 516 | 70+ | 1/6 (O) | 6/6 (C, E, H, P, V, W) | Falls |
| Bo 2009 (Italy) | Medical ward, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled trial (non-RMT) | 252 | 82.4 | 3/6 (I, O, X) | 4/6 (C, E, P, W) | Delirium |
| Bogardus 2003 (USA) | Medical ward, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled trial - matched/blinded (RMT) | 705 | 80 | 5/6 (B, I, O, S, X) | 6/6 (C, E, H, P, V, W) | Delirium, function/cognition, institutionalization |
| Caplan 2007 (Australia) | Medical ward, 1 site † | Historically controlled (non-RMT) | 37 | 84.7 | 3/6 (I, O, S) | 4/6 (C, H, V, W) | Delirium (incidence, severity, duration), falls, LOS, institutionalization, readmission, function/cognition, cost-savings |
| Chen 2011 (Taiwan) | Surgical ward, 1 site † | Historically controlled (non-RMT) | 179 | 73.0 | 3/6 (B, I, O) | 2/6 (E, C) | Delirium, LOS, function/cognition, nutrition, depression |
| Chen 2017 (Taiwan) | Surgical ward, 1 site * | Randomized controlled trial (RMT) | 375 | 74.5 | 5/6 (A, B, I, O, S) | 3/6 (C, E, W) | Delirium, LOS |
| Freitas 2016 (USA) | Medical ward, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled (non-RMT) | 398 | >70 | 2/6 (I, O) | 2/6 (E, P) | Delirium (incidence, duration), falls |
| Holt 2013 (England) | Elderly care wards, 1 site † | Historically controlled (non-RMT) | 362 | 85.4 | 4/6 (B, I, O, X) | 5/6 (C, E, H, V, W) | Delirium (incidence, severity, duration), LOS, institutionalization, function/cognition, mortality |
| Huson 2016 (USA) | Post-acute rehabilitation settings, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled (non-RMT) | 100 | 82.7 | 4/6 (A, I, O, S) | 6/6 (C, E, H, P, V, W) | Delirium, LOS, institutionalization, function/cognition |
| Inouye 1999 (USA) | Medical ward, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled trial - matched/blinded (RMT) | 852 | 79.7 | 5/6 (B, I, O, S, X) | 6/6 (C, E, H, P, V, W) | Delirium (incidence, duration, recurrence, severity) |
| Kratz 2008 (USA) | Medical-surgical ward, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled trial (non-RMT) | 137 | 70+ | 1/6 (O) | 6/6 (C, E, H, P, V, W) | Delirium |
| Rubin 2017 (USA) | Medical/ surgical ward, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled (non-RMT) | 7628 | 79.4 | 3/6 (I, O, X) | 6/6 (C, E, H, P, V, W) | LOS, readmission |
|
Vidan 2009 (Spain)
|
Medical ward, 1 site * | Nonrandomized controlled (non-RMT) | 542 | 84.0 | 1/6 (O) | 6/6 (C, E, H, P, V, W) | Delirium (incidence, duration), function, mortality |
*
= control group is concurrent usual care
†
= control group is historical
LOS = length of stay. Quality Measures include allocation concealment (A), blinding of participants, personnel, assessors (B), completeness of outcome data (I), selective outcome reporting (O), random-sequence generation or balanced allocation (S), other biases (X). Adherence to evidence based interventions: Cognition/Orientation (C), Early mobility (E), Hearing (H), Sleep-wake cycle preservation (P), Vision (V), Hydration (W)