Exhibit 4.

Changes in the probability of high-risk opioid prescriptions after the implementation of a comprehensive mandate to use a prescription drug monitoring program, by time since mandate implementation, 2011–15

Source/Notes: SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 2011–15 from the Health Care Cost Institute’s insurance claims database. NOTES The exhibit shows the predicted changes in the probabilities of outcomes associated with the implementation of a mandate among the population described in the notes to Exhibit 1, relative to the period 0–6 months before implementation. The whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals. MME is morphine milligram equivalent.