Table 1.
Factor loading, reliability, and measurement of Stigma.
| Items | % Yes | Factor Loadings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community | Family | Healthcare | HIV disclosure | ||
| Having told family members you have HIV | 82.3% | 0.46 | |||
| Losing jobs or profits | 34.5% | 0.62 | |||
| Others feared to get HIV infected from you | 34.4% | ||||
| Having told friends you have HIV | 28.8% | 0.81 | |||
| Others gossiped about your HIV status | 28.2% | 0.67 | |||
| Relatives, friends have grown more distant with you | 25.8% | 0.58 | |||
| Being excluded from community events because of HIV | 25.6% | 0.61 | |||
| Afraid that others disclose your HIV status | 15.6% | 0.44 | |||
| Being blamed, criticized because you have HIV | 14.6% | 0.56 | |||
| Devalued, disrespected by others because of HIV | 14.3% | 0.65 | |||
| Having told neighbors, you have HIV | 11.0% | 0.78 | |||
| Being abandoned by your spouse | 9.2% | 0.65 | |||
| Hurt, annoyed, or offended by others because you have HIV | 8.8% | 0.49 | |||
| Discriminated by family members | 7.9% | 0.69 | |||
| Dismissed or unable to rent an accommodation because of HIV | 6.9% | 0.47 | |||
| Losing heredity because of HIV | 6.9% | 0.59 | |||
| Health workers feared of getting HIV-infected | 5.2% | 0.65 | |||
| Being threatened | 4.5% | ||||
| Perceived poorer health service quality | 3.6% | 0.77 | |||
| Discriminated by health workers | 3.1% | 0.76 | |||
| Number of stigma types reported (mean (SD)) | 1.59 (1.80) | 0.30 (0.70) | 0.12 (0.46) | 1.41(0.99) | |
| % patients reported at least one type of stigma | 93.3% | 62.8% | 20.2% | 8.0% | 86.2% |
| Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.65 | |