Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by prespcecified biomarker categories.
| hsTnT (ng/L) | NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | GDF-15 (pg/mL) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7 (N=794) |
7–<14 (N=3688) |
≥14 (N=4223) |
P-value | <450 (N=2536) |
450–<900 (N=2236) |
≥900 (N=3958) |
P-value | <1200 (N=2261) |
1200–<1800 (N=2593) | ≥1800 (N=3851) | P-value | |
| Age (year) | 62.0 (57.0–70.0) | 70.0 (63.0–76.0) | 75.0 (68.0–80.0) | <0.001 | 69 (61.0–76.0) | 71 (63.0–77.0) | 74 (67.0–79.0) | <0.001 | 65 (59.0–72.0) | 73 (65.0–78.0) | 75 (68.0–80.0) | <0.001 |
| Female sex (%) | 459 (57.8%) | 1662 (45.1%) | 1254 (29.7%) | <0.001 | 980 (39.0%) | 790 (35.3%) | 1605 (40.6%) | <0.001 | 903 (39.9%) | 1070 (41.3%) | 1402 (36.4%) | <0.001 |
| White race (%) | 682 (85.9%) | 3253 (88.2%) | 3795 (89.9%) | <0.001 | 2222 (88.5%) | 2006 (89.7%) | 3502 (88.5%) | 0.135 | 1995 (88.3%) | 2304 (88.9%) | 3431 (89.1%) | 0.884 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 (26.3–34.0) | 29.1 (25.8–33.2) | 29.1 (25.8–33.2) | 0.016 | 29.6 (26.3–33.9) | 29.9 (26.4–33.9) | 28.5 (25.4–32.2) | <0.001 | 29.6 (26.5–33.6) | 29.1 (25.8–33.0) | 28.9 (25.6–33.2) | <0.001 |
| CrCl (ml/min) | 94.3 (72.3–118.7) | 76.7 (60.0–97.7) | 64.2 (49.6–84.1) | <0.001 | 80.6 (62.4–105.2) | 77.9 (59.7–100.8) | 63.7 (49.6–82.5) | <0.001 | 90.3 (71.3–112.9) | 73.0 (58.1–92.1) | 61.1 (47.7–80.5) | <0.001 |
| AF type Paroxysmal | 326 (41.1%) | 1050 (28.5%) | 964 (22.8%) | <0.001 | 1399 (55.8%) | 421 (18.8%) | 520 (13.1%) | <0.001 | 649 (28.7%) | 729 (28.1%) | 962 (25.0%) | 0.008 |
| Persistent | 168 (21.2%) | 847 (23.0%) | 953 (22.6%) | 503 (20.0%) | 481 (21.5%) | 984 (24.9%) | 504 (22.3%) | 559 (21.6%) | 905 (23.5%) | |||
| Permanent | 300 (37.8%) | 1790 (48.5%) | 2305 (54.6%) | 607 (24.2%) | 1334 (59.7%) | 2454 (62.0%) | 1108 (49.0%) | 1305 (50.3%) | 1982 (51.%) | |||
| Hx Heart failure (%) | 489 (61.6%) | 2086 (56.6%) | 2600 (61.6%) | <0.001 | 1251 (49.8%) | 1297 (58.0%) | 2627 (66.4%) | <0.001 | 1459 (64.5%) | 1463 (56.4%) | 2253 (58.5%) | <0.001 |
| Hx Hypertension (%) | 489 (61.6%) | 2086 (56.6%) | 4033 (95.5%) | 0.181 | 2392 (95.3%) | 2140 (95.7%) | 3784 (95.6%) | 0.726 | 2150 (95.1%) | 2470 (95.3%) | 3696 (96.0%) | 0.196 |
| Hx T2DM (%) | 263 (33.1%) | 1253 (34.0%) | 1705 (40.4%) | <0.001 | 1017 (40.5%) | 892 (39.9%) | 1312 (33.1%) | <0.001 | 595 (26.3%) | 838 (32.3%) | 1788 (46.4%) | <0.001 |
| Hx Stroke/TIA (%) | 263 (33.1%) | 1253 (34.0%) | 1148 (27.2%) | 0.037 | 696 (27.7%) | 618 (27.6%) | 1123 (28.4%) | 0.772 | 703 (31.1%) | 743 (28.7%) | 991 (25.7%) | <0.001 |
| Hx CAD (%) | 199 (25.1%) | 1082 (29.3%) | 1750 (41.5%) | <0.001 | 754 (30.0%) | 747 (33.4%) | 1530 (38.7%) | <0.001 | 502 (29.4%) | 607 (31.7%) | 1263 (39.7%) | <0.001 |
| Hx PAD (%) | 13 (1.6%) | 118 (3.2%) | 254 (6.0%) | <0.001 | 94 (3.7%) | 98 (4.4%) | 193 (4.9%) | 0.097 | 51 (2.3%) | 95 (3.7%) | 239 (6.2%) | <0.001 |
| Hx Non-ICH bleed (%) | 58 (7.3%) | 368 (10.0%) | 485 (11.5%) | 0.001 | 260 (10.4%) | 232 (10.4%) | 419 (10.6%) | 0.945 | 166 (7.3%) | 272 (10.5%) | 473 (12.3%) | <0.001 |
| Hx Aortic valve dz (%) | 64 (8.1%) | 517 (14.1%) | 753 (17.9%) | <0.001 | 287 (11.5%) | 315 (14.1%) | 732 (18.6%) | <0.001 | 251 (11.1%) | 395 (15.3%) | 688 (17.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hx Mitral valve dz (%) | 229 (29.0%) | 1261 (34.3%) | 1626 (38.7%) | <0.001 | 722 (28.9%) | 803 (36.0%) | 1591 (40.4%) | <0.001 | 722 (32.1%) | 906 (35.1%) | 1488 (38.8%) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 53 (6.7%) | 269 (7.3%) | 285 (6.7%) | 199 (7.9%) | 156 (7.0%) | 252 (6.4%) | <0.001 | 134 (5.9%) | 189 (7.3%) | 284 (7.4%) | ||
| LVEF <30% | 18 (2.3%) | 88 (2.4%) | 240 (5.7%) | <0.001 | 45 (1.8%) | 56 (2.5%) | 245 (6.2%) | <0.001 | 73 (3.2%) | 78 (3.0%) | 195 (5.1%) | <0.001 |
| 30–39% | 33 (4.2%) | 200 (5.4%) | 400 (9.5%) | 92 (3.7%) | 161 (7.2%) | 380 (9.6%) | 146 (6.5%) | 167 (6.4%) | 320 (8.3%) | |||
| 40–49% | 104 (13.1%) | 496 (13.4%) | 645 (15.3%) | 285 (11.4%) | 324 (14.5%) | 636 (16.1%) | 349 (15.4%) | 336 (13.0%) | 560 (14.5%) | |||
| ≥50% | 434 (54.7%) | 1900 (51.5%) | 1876 (44.4%) | 1433 (57.1%) | 1113 (49.8%) | 1664 (42.0%) | 1083 (47.9%) | 1323 (51.0%) | 1804 (46.8%) | |||
| Unknown | 205 (25.8%) | 1004 (27.2%) | 1062 (25.1%) | 656 (26.1%) | 582 (26.0%) | 1033 (26.1%) | 610 (27.0%) | 689 (26.6%) | 972 (25.2%) | |||
| OAC use at rando | 7 (0.9%) | 21 (0.6%) | 27 (0.6%) | 0.600 | 23 (0.9%) | 15 ( 0.7%) | 17 (0.4%) | 0.053 | 13 (0.6%) | 22 (0.8%) | 20 (0.5%) | 0.243 |
| ASA use at rando (%) | 225 (28.3%) | 1080 (29.3%) | 1369 (32.4%) | 0.003 | 794 (31.6%) | 666 (29.8%) | 1214 (30.7%) | 0.386 | 638 (28.2%) | 766 (29.5%) | 1270 (33.0%) | <0.001 |
| CHADS2 score | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | <0.001 |
| HAS-BLED score | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | <0.001 |
Categorical variables are shown as counts and percentages based on the number of patients with available data for that parameter; continuous variables are shown as median (25th–75th percentiles). Differences in the baseline characteristics between biomarker strata were evaluated using Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin); BMI, body-mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CrCl, creatinine clearance; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor-15; hsTnT, high-sensitivity troponin T; Hx, history; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NT-proBNP, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; OAC, oral anticoagulant; PAD, peripheral artery disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.