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. 2019 Feb 5;8:e40032. doi: 10.7554/eLife.40032

Video 7. Out-of-focus pioneer spreading through MDCK cells.

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.40032.022

Single pioneer briefly goes out of focus as it spreads through a polarized monolayer of MDCK cells. Images were collected every 5 min. White arrow indicates the initial position of pioneer bacterium.