Table 4.
Comparison of individuals with insomnia and controls on tasks of cognitive flexibility.
| Author (year) | n Insomnia; controls | Task | Outcome | Group difference | Group differences TST | Group difference SEI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altena et al., 2008 | 21; 12 | Verbal fluency | n/a | n/a | ||
| Letter | Number of words produced | X | ||||
| Category | Number of words produced | X | ||||
| Edinger et al., 2000 | 27; 31 | Switching attention task | X | p < 0.05 | ||
| Part IIIA | Response latency | X | ||||
| Part IIIB | Response latency | p < 0.05 | ||||
| Edinger et al., 2008 | 79; 84 | Switching attention task | X | p < 0.05 | ||
| Part IIIA | Response latency | p < 0.05 | ||||
| Part IIIB | Response latency | p < 0.05 | ||||
| Fang et al., 2008 | 18; 21 | Wisconsin card sorting test | Perseverations | X | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
| Errors | X | |||||
| Conceptual level responses | X | |||||
| Number of categories competed | X | |||||
| Failure to maintaining set | X | |||||
| Learning to learn | X | |||||
| Fortier-Brochu and Morin, 2014 | 25; 16 | Verbal fluency | Number of words produced | X | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
| Set lost errors | X | |||||
| Repetition errors | X | |||||
| Guo et al., 2017 | 40;48 | Montreal cognitive assessment- visuospatial and executive function* | Number of correct responses | X | n/a | n/a |
| Joo et al., 2013 | 27; 27 | Controlled oral word association test | Number of words produced | X | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
| Trail making test B | Complation time | X | ||||
| Khassawneh et al., 2018 | 35;54 | Attention switching task | Response latency | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | X |
| Number of incorrect trials | p < 0.05 | |||||
| Number of commission errors | X | |||||
| Noh et al., 2012 | 20; 20 | Trail making test B | Complation time | X | X | X |
| Controlled oral word association test | Number of words produced | p < 0.05 | ||||
| Shekleton et al., 2014 | 76; 20 | Switching attention task | n/a | n/a | ||
| Part IIIA | Response latency | X | ||||
| Part IIIB | Response latency | X | ||||
| Siversten et al., 2013 | 30; 91 | Verbal fluency | Number of words produced | X | n/a | n/a |
| Trail making test B | Completion time | X | ||||
| Vignola et al., 2000 | 20; 20 | Trail making test B | Completion time | X | X | X |
| Wisconsin card sorting test | Number of categories competed | X | ||||
| Number of perseverative errors | X |
Significant differences between groups are shown as p < 0.05. No group differences are shown as X.
*
Based on Trail making test B, verbal fluency task, and verbal abstraction task.