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. 2019 Jan 30;10:12. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00012

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Copyright © 2019 Wang, Liu, Ke and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Compartmentalization of the prostate. The prostate epithelial cells are separated from the stromal cells by basement membranes. Testosterone controls direction-specific FGF signaling between the stroma and the epithelium, which maintains prostate tissue homeostasis. The paracrine FGF loops between the stroma and the epithelium is abrogated in cancer cells, and are replaced with autocrine FGF loops that promote cell proliferation, migration, survival, and angiogenesis, which contributes to castration resistance. R1, FGFR1; R2b, FGFR2IIIb; R3, FGFR3; 2, 7, 9, and 10, FGF2, FGF7, FGF9, and FGF10, respectively; AR, androgen receptor.