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. 2019 Feb 5;9:1436. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38287-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fluorescence intensity of adherent cells oriented perpendicular and along the electric field lines, visualized under fluorescent microscopy. (a) Shows cells before the application of electric field, (b) shows the same cells after the application of electric field. It can be visually observed that cell fluorescence is higher in cells oriented along the electric field lines (I-V) in comparison to the cells oriented perpendicular to the electric field lines (1–4). These results are numerically represented in (c), where corrected total cell fluorescence was calculated by multiplying the average fluorescence in the cell with the cell area. The changes in cell fluorescence were monitored 5 seconds before the application of electric pulse and 60 seconds after. The arrow shows the time of electroporation.