Table 1.
Results for Rosenberg’s and Orwin’s FSN and conditional power for the 98 meta-analysis
| Area | Author & Year | Cancer | Biomarker | No. of studies | No. cases & controls | I2 | Fixed-effect |
Random-effects |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | FSN1 | FSN2 | M3 | OR (95% CI) | FSN1 | M4 | |||||||
| Diet | Chen 2010(8) | BrCA | 1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D | 3 | 3627 | 47 | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | NA | NA | 858 | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | NA | 27210 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Arachidonic acid | 5 | 2226 | 0 | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | NA | NA | 79 | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | NA | 181 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Linoleic acid | 8 | 3081 | 60 | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | NA | NA | 67 | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) | NA | 457 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | MUFA | 5 | 2291 | 67 | 1.33 (0.98–1.81) | NA | NA | 4 | 1.44 (0.82–2.53) | NA | 31 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Palmitic acid | 7 | 2802 | 59 | 1.04 (0.81–1.35) | NA | NA | 621 | 1.05 (0.69–1.58) | NA | 6656 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Palmitoleic acid | 2 | 798 | 81 | 1.09 (0.68–1.74) | NA | NA | 123 | 1.26 (0.41–3.89) | NA | 301 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | SFA | 6 | 2570 | 0 | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | NA | NA | 410 | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | NA | 1430 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Stearic acid | 7 | 2802 | 14 | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | NA | NA | 200 | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | NA | 937 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | α-Linolenic acid | 8 | 3444 | 39 | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | NA | NA | 12 | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | NA | 39 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | n-3 PUFA | 8 | 2946 | 37 | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | NA | NA | 11 | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | NA | 51 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | n-6 PUFA | 7 | 2667 | 16 | 0.75 (0.55–1.03) | NA | NA | 36 | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | NA | 369 |
| Diet | Chen 2010(8) | BrCA | 25(OH) vitamin D | 7 | 11330 | 86 | 0.58 (0.51–0.66) | 230 | 75 | NA | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) | 29 | NA |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Docosahexanoic acid | 7 | 3262 | 36 | 0.76 (0.59–0.99) | 5 | 106 | NA | 0.73 (0.53–1.02) | NA | 9 |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Eicosapentanoic acid | 5 | 2291 | 0 | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 48 | 88 | NA | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 48 | NA |
| Diet | Buck 2010(10) | BrCA | Enterolactone | 12 | 7710 | 71 | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 24 | 200 | NA | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | NA | 14 |
| Diet | Larsson 2007(11) | BrCA | Folate | 6 | 3584 | 41 | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) | 18 | 79 | NA | 0.67 (0.46–1.00) | 6 | NA |
| Diet | Saadatian-Elahi 2004(9) | BrCA | Oleic acid | 9 | 3723 | 70 | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 14 | 144 | NA | 0.99 (0.70–1.38) | NA | 184370 |
| Diet | Larsson 2010(12) | CRC | Vitamin B6 | 4 | 2307 | 0 | 0.52 (0.38–0.71) | 31 | 39 | NA | 0.52 (0.38–0.71) | 31 | NA |
| Diet | Yin 2009(13) | Colon CA | 25(OH) vitamin D | 7 | 2944 | 46 | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 7 | 103 | NA | 0.78 (0.53–1.13) | NA | 46 |
| Diet | Gallicchio 2008(14) | Lung CA | α-carotene | 5 | 5618 | 53 | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) | NA | NA | 65 | 0.88 (0.59–1.33) | NA | 438 |
| Diet | Gallicchio 2008(14) | Lung CA | B-cryptoxanthin | 5 | 5618 | 75 | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | NA | NA | 44 | 0.82 (0.40–1.69) | NA | 529 |
| Diet | Gallicchio 2008(14) | Lung CA | Lutein/zeaxanthin | 4 | 5066 | 11 | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) | NA | NA | 342 | 0.95 (0.67–1.36) | NA | 1192 |
| Diet | Zhuo 2004(15) | Lung CA | Selenium | 6 | 2687 | 42 | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | NA | NA | 6 | 0.77 (0.56–1.08) | NA | 17 |
| Diet | Gallicchio 2008(14) | Lung CA | B-carotene | 10 | 37629 | 41 | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 31 | 160 | NA | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | NA | 36 |
| Diet | Gallicchio 2008(14) | Lung CA | Carotenoids | 4 | 7803 | 45 | 0.70 (0.50–0.97) | 5 | 53 | NA | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | NA | 12 |
| Diet | Gallicchio 2008(14) | Lung CA | Lycopene | 4 | 5294 | 0 | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 5 | 54 | NA | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 5 | NA |
| Diet | Yin b 2009(16) | PrCA | 25(OH) vitamin D | 11 | 7806 | 26 | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | NA | NA | 82 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | NA | 536 |
| Diet | Collin 2010(17) | PrCA | Folate | 7 | 9920 | 39 | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | NA | NA | 25 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | NA | 17 |
| Diet | Collin 2010(17) | PrCA | Total Homocysteine | 4 | 7015 | 14 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | NA | NA | 77 | 0.91 (0.70–1.19) | NA | 123 |
| Diet | Collin 2010(17) | PrCA | Vitamin B12 | 6 | 9401 | 45 | 1.09 (1.03–1.14) | 24 | 127 | NA | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) | 10 | NA |
| Diet | Simon 2009(18) | PrCA | α-Linolenic acid | 6 | 2361 | 16 | 1.51 (1.17–1.94) | 26 | 181 | NA | 1.54 (1.16–2.06) | 21 | NA |
| Environment | Khanjani 2007(19) | BrCA | Cis-nonachlor | 3 | 1387 | 0 | 1.09 (0.72–1.64) | NA | NA | 137 | 1.09 (0.72–1.64) | NA | 290 |
| Environment | Lopez-Cervantes 2004(20) | BrCA | DDT | 24 | 11369 | 17 | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | NA | NA | 668 | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | NA | 8663 |
| Environment | Khanjani 2007(19) | BrCA | Dieldrin | 5 | 3223 | 43 | 1.18 (0.89–1.58) | NA | NA | 26 | 1.15 (0.77–1.69) | NA | 288 |
| Environment | Khanjani 2007(19) | BrCA | Trans-nonachlor | 6 | 3248 | 0 | 0.86 (0.68–1.07) | NA | NA | 23 | 0.86 (0.68–1.07) | NA | 35 |
| Environment | Khanjani 2007(19) | BrCA | Oxychlordane | 5 | 2718 | 51 | 0.75 (0.57–0.98) | 4 | 73 | NA | 0.77 (0.51–1.14) | NA | 38 |
| Environment | Veglia 2008(21) | CA (cur smokers) | DNA adducts | 8 | 916 | 94 | 3.88 (3.31–4.54) | 1146 | 628 | NA | 3.76 (1.75–8.05) | 39 | NA |
| Environment | Veglia 2008(21) | CA (for smokers) | DNA adducts | 7 | 632 | 0 | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | NA | NA | 291 | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | NA | 1041 |
| Environment | Veglia 2008(21) | CA (nev smokers) | DNA adducts | 9 | 564 | 79 | 1.20 (0.88–1.64) | NA | NA | 41 | 1.64 (0.72–3.77) | NA | 103 |
| IGF/insulin | Pisani 2008(22) | BrCA | C-peptide | 11 | 3517 | 64 | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | 27 | 269 | NA | 1.35 (1.01–1.81) | 11 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Morris 2006(23) | CRC | IGFBP-3 | 7 | 3501 | 60 | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) | NA | NA | NA | 0.98 (0.64–1.51) | NA | 47178 |
| IGF/insulin | Pisani 2008(22) | CRC | C-peptide | 12 | 5542 | 54 | 1.36 (1.15–1.62) | 64 | 322 | NA | 1.51 (1.14–1.99) | 39 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Pisani 2008(22) | CRC | Glucose | 11 | 1381129 | 47 | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 49 | 257 | NA | 1.28 (1.06–1.54) | 26 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Rinaldi 2010(24) | CRC | IGF-1 | 11 | 7828 | 0 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 17 | 230 | NA | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 17 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Morris 2006(23) | CRC | IGF-2 | 3 | 1685 | 0 | 1.95 (1.26–3.00) | 11 | 117 | NA | 1.95 (1.26–3.00) | 11 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Pisani 2008(22) | Endometrial CA | C-peptide | 4 | 862 | 69 | 1.09 (0.74–1.62) | NA | NA | 141 | 1.18 (0.57–2.43) | NA | 642 |
| IGF/insulin | Chen 2009(25) | Lung CA | IGF-1 | 6 | 12515 | 41 | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | NA | NA | 361 | 0.98 (0.68–1.41) | NA | 21602 |
| IGF/insulin | Chen 2009(25) | Lung CA | IGFBP-3 | 6 | 12515 | 67 | 0.89 (0.68–1.15) | NA | NA | 54 | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | NA | 10376 |
| IGF/insulin | Pisani 2008(22) | Pancreas CA | C-peptide | 2 | 692 | 0 | 1.70 (1.11–2.61) | 4 | 68 | NA | 1.70 (1.11–2.61) | 4 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Pisani 2008(22) | Pancreas CA | Glucose | 5 | 1334539 | 0 | 1.98 (1.67–2.35) | 152 | 198 | NA | 1.98 (1.67–2.35) | 152 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Rowlands 2009(26) | PrCA | IGFBP-1 | 3 | 1553 | 92 | 0.93 (0.80–1.09) | NA | NA | 72 | 1.20 (0.65–2.22) | NA | 251 |
| IGF/insulin | Rowlands 2009(26) | PrCA | IGFBP-2 | 5 | 2670 | 78 | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | NA | NA | 36 | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | NA | 56 |
| IGF/insulin | Rowlands 2009(26) | PrCA | IGFBP-3 | 29 | 17160 | 81 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | NA | NA | 80 | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) | 57 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Rowlands 2009(26) | PrCA | IGF-1 | 42 | 19347 | 88 | 1.18 (1.14–1.23) | 1497 | 974 | NA | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 159 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Rowlands 2009(26) | PrCA | IGF-1/BP-3 | 11 | 9677 | 80 | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 30 | 230 | NA | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | NA | 46 |
| IGF/insulin | Rowlands 2009(26) | PrCA | IGF-2 | 10 | 2797 | 77 | 1.24 (1.12–1.36) | 81 | 242 | NA | 1.17 (0.93–1.47) | NA | 75 |
| IGF/insulin | Key 2010(27) | postmenopausal BrCA | IGF-1 | 15 | 8185 | 0 | 1.30 (1.13–1.49) | 92 | 385 | NA | 1.30 (1.13–1.49) | 92 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Key 2010(27) | postmenopausal BrCA | IGFBP-3 | 15 | 8012 | 31 | 1.21 (1.04–1.41) | 32 | 357 | NA | 1.22 (1.01–1.49) | 16 | NA |
| IGF/insulin | Key 2010(27) | premenopausal BrCA | IGFBP-3 | 11 | 5927 | 0 | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | NA | NA | 7367 | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | NA | 50352 |
| IGF/insulin | Key 2010(27) | premenopausal BrCA | IGF-1 | 11 | 6033 | 29 | 1.18 (1.00–1.40) | 10 | 255 | NA | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | NA | 12 |
| Infection | Gutierrez 2006(28) | Bladder CA | HPV (DNA) | 13 | 657 | 6 | 2.29 (1.37–3.84) | 53 | 597 | NA | 2.30 (1.33–4.00) | 45 | NA |
| Infection | Gutierrez 2006(28) | Bladder CA | HPV (no DNA) | 3 | 379 | 0 | 2.98 (1.65–5.40) | 18 | 180 | NA | 2.98 (1.65–5.40) | 18 | NA |
| Infection | Zhao 2008(29) | CRC | H. pylori | 14 | 3581 | 58 | 1.41 (1.22–1.65) | 127 | 391 | NA | 1.49 (1.16–1.90) | 57 | NA |
| Infection | Mandelblatt 1999(30) | Cervical CA | HPV | 12 | 3657 | 27 | 8.07 (6.49–10.0) | 2338 | 1978 | NA | 8.08 (6.04–10.8) | 1249 | NA |
| Infection | Zhang 1994(31) | Cervical CA | T. vaginalis | 2 | 65764 | 0 | 1.88 (1.29–2.74) | 9 | 75 | NA | 1.88 (1.29–2.74) | 9 | NA |
| Infection | Islami 2008(32) | ESCC | H. pylori | 9 | 3664 | 73 | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | NA | NA | 73 | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | NA | 1356 |
| Infection | Islami 2008(32) | ESCC | cagA (H. pylori) | 4 | 2327 | 0 | 1.01 (0.79–1.27) | NA | NA | NA | 1.01 (0.79–1.27) | NA | NA |
| Infection | Islami 2008(32) | Esophageal adeno CA | H. pylori | 13 | 3730 | 15 | 0.56 (0.48–0.67) | 275 | 136 | NA | 0.57 (0.47–0.69) | 207 | NA |
| Infection | Islami 2008(32) | Esophageal adeno CA | cagA (H. pylori) | 5 | 1472 | 17 | 0.41 (0.29–0.59) | 54 | 37 | NA | 0.41 (0.28–0.62) | 42 | NA |
| Infection | Huang 2003(33) | Gastric CA | H. pylori | 15 | 5054 | 76 | 2.05 (1.79–2.35) | 805 | 615 | NA | 2.29 (1.71–3.05) | 224 | NA |
| Infection | Huang 2003(33) | Gastric CA | cagA (H. pylori) | 10 | 3831 | 85 | 2.65 (2.29–3.05) | 888 | 531 | NA | 2.87 (1.95–4.22) | 137 | NA |
| Infection | Zhuo 2008(34) | Laryngeal CA | H. pylori | 3 | 357 | 0 | 2.02 (1.27–3.23) | 10 | 121 | NA | 2.02 (1.27–3.23) | 10 | NA |
| Infection | Hobbs 2006(35) | Larynx CA | HPV | 8 | 1133 | 50 | 1.71 (1.11–2.64) | 17 | 281 | NA | 2.01 (0.96–4.22) | NA | 6 |
| Infection | Donato 1998(36) | Liver CA | HBV (HCV-) | 28 | 9199 | 86 | 17.9 (15.7–20.5) | 24939 | 10279 | NA | 21.9 (14.9–32.3) | 3464 | NA |
| Infection | Donato 1998(36) | Liver CA | HBV + HCV | 9 | 2437 | 37 | 65.0 (35.0–121) | 784 | 12315 | NA | 61.2 (27.0–139) | 440 | NA |
| Infection | Donato 1998(36) | Liver CA | HCV (HBV-) | 26 | 7694 | 86 | 16.8 (14.1–20.0) | 13151 | 9822 | NA | 20.3 (12.2–33.7) | 1924 | NA |
| Infection | Zhuo 2009(37) | Lung CA | H. pylori | 4 | 430 | 79 | 2.31 (1.46–3.65) | 22 | 185 | NA | 3.24 (1.11–9.41) | 6 | NA |
| Infection | Hobbs 2006(35) | Oral CA | HPV | 8 | 3976 | 62 | 1.68 (1.36–2.08) | 76 | 274 | NA | 1.99 (1.17–3.38) | 17 | NA |
| Infection | Hobbs 2006(35) | Oropharynx CA | HPV | 5 | 2199 | 56 | 3.01 (2.11–4.30) | 93 | 300 | NA | 4.31 (2.07–8.95) | 35 | NA |
| Infection | Taylor 2005(38) | PrCA | HPV | 9 | 4864 | 35 | 1.37 (1.11–1.69) | 31 | 246 | NA | 1.52 (1.12–2.06) | 23 | NA |
| Infection | Hobbs 2006(35) | Tonsil CA | HPV | 8 | 380 | 0 | 15.1 (6.78–33.4) | 173 | 2471 | NA | 15.1 (6.78–33.4) | 173 | NA |
| Infection | Wang 2007(39) | early Gastric CA | H. pylori | 15 | 16698 | 83 | 4.83 (4.27–5.48) | 4639 | 1467 | NA | 3.38 (2.15–5.32) | 197 | NA |
| Inflammation | Heikkila 2009(40) | CA | Interleukin-6 | 4 | 6785 | 21 | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | NA | NA | 718 | 1.01 (0.90–1.12) | NA | 3321 |
| Inflammation | Heikkila 2009(40) | CA | C-reactive protein | 14 | 74545 | 73 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 150 | 299 | NA | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 35 | NA |
| Inflammation | Tsilidis 2008(41) | CRC | C-reactive protein | 8 | 39145 | 51 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 20 | 172 | NA | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 12 | NA |
| Sex hormones | Barba 2009(42) | PrCA | 2OHE1 | 2 | 536 | 0 | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | NA | NA | 13 | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | NA | 15 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | A-diol G | 8 | 5488 | 24 | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | NA | NA | 17 | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) | NA | 28 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | D4 | 6 | 4211 | 0 | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | NA | NA | 994 | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | NA | 3995 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | DHEA-S | 7 | 3024 | 17 | 1.22 (0.98–1.53) | NA | NA | 8 | 1.29 (0.99–1.68) | NA | 5 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | DHT | 7 | 2455 | 0 | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | NA | NA | 41 | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | NA | 80 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | E2 | 9 | 5225 | 0 | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | NA | NA | 62 | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | NA | 162 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | Free E2 | 8 | 4778 | 0 | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | NA | NA | 1173 | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | NA | 5279 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | Free T | 14 | 9365 | 0 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | NA | NA | 18 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | NA | 20 |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | T | 17 | 10324 | 0 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | NA | NA | 502 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | NA | 3602 |
| Sex hormones | Barba 2009(42) | PrCA | 16α-OHE1 | 2 | 536 | 0 | 1.82 (1.08–3.05) | 3 | 73 | NA | 1.82 (1.08–3.05) | 3 | NA |
| Sex hormones | Barba 2009(42) | PrCA | 2OHE1/16α-OHE1 | 2 | 536 | 0 | 0.52 (0.31–0.89) | 4 | 19 | NA | 0.52 (0.31–0.89) | 4 | NA |
| Sex hormones | Roddam 2008(43) | PrCA | SHBG | 15 | 9702 | 0 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 32 | 249 | NA | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 32 | NA |
| Sex hormones | Key 2002(44) | postmenopausal BrCA | E2 | 9 | 2365 | 42 | 1.29 (1.14–1.45) | 72 | 227 | NA | 1.26 (1.07–1.49) | 27 | NA |
IGF, insulin-like growth factor; CRC, colorectal cancer; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor binding protein; CA, cancer; BrCA, breast cancer; PrCA, prostate cancer; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; T, testosterone; E2, estradiol; DHT, dihydrotestosterone; A-diol G, androstanediol glucuronide; DHEA-S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; D4, androstenedione; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; E1, estrone; SFA, total saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; HPV, human papillomavirus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; T. vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; Cur, current; For, former; Nev, never; NA, non-statistically significant meta-analyses not applicable to the FSN, and statistically significant meta-analyses not applicable to the conditional power analysis.
1.
Rosenberg’s FSN – the number of future studies averaging null effect and average weight to reduce the summary OR to null
2.
Orwin’s FSN – the number of future studies averaging null effect to reduce the summary OR to 1.05
3.
Number of future studies of average weight and no between-study heterogeneity needed to be included in the updated meta-analysis to achieve 80% power to detect the observed fixed-effect summary OR
4.
Number of future studies of average weight and average between-study heterogeneity need to be included in the updated meta-analysis to achieve 80% power to detect the observed random-effects summary OR