Table 1.
Median (IQR) of leucocyte telomere length and urine arsenic, cadmium and tungsten concentrations (µg/g creatinine) by participant’s characteristics among Strong Heart Study (n=1,702) and Strong Heart Family Study (n=1,793) participants
| Strong Heart Study | Strong Heart Family Study | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | LTL | ΣAs | Cd | W | n | LTL | ΣAs | Cd | W | |
| Overall | 1702 | 1.09 (0.86, 1.47) | 8.8 (5.4, 14.5) | 1.01 (0.63, 1.59) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22) | 1793 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 4.3 (2.9, 7.2) | 0.44 (0.20, 0.86) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.19) |
| Age, years | ||||||||||
| < 55 | 874 | 1.11 (0.88, 1.49) | 8.8 (5.5, 14.3) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.44) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22) | 678 | 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) | 4.1 (2.7, 6.8) | 0.21 (0.10, 0.43) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.21) |
| 55 – 64 | 541 | 1.09 (0.83, 1.50) | 9.1 (5.4, 14.8) | 1.05 (0.69, 1.66) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.21) | 746 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.11) | 4.5 (2.9, 7.2) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.98) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.18) |
| ≥ 65 | 287 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.42) | 8.0 (5.1, 14.3) | 1.09 (0.66, 1.67) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.23) | 369 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.04) | 4.5 (3.0, 7.6) | 0.74 (0.43, 1.22) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.19) |
| P | 0.16 | 0.58 | <0.001 | 0.50 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.05 | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Men | 714 | 1.08 (0.84, 1.42) | 8.1 (4.8, 13.5) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.14) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.19) | 704 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.14) | 4.0 (2.8, 6.4) | 0.31 (0.15, 0.59) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.20) |
| Women | 988 | 1.11 (0.87, 1.50) | 9.5 (5.8, 15.2) | 1.19 (0.78, 1.83) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.24) | 1089 | 1.02 (0.88, 1.16) | 4.6 (3.0, 7.5) | 0.55 (0.27, 1.02) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.19) |
| P | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.20 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.17 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Never | 459 | 1.11 (0.88, 1.51) | 8.7 (5.2, 14.7) | 0.88 (0.54, 1.44) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.23) | 742 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 4.1 (2.7, 6.4) | 0.34 (0.17, 0.66) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.20) |
| Former | 542 | 1.07 (0.86, 1.43) | 8.1 (5.1, 13.2) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.26) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22) | 366 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) | 4.2 (2.8, 7.1) | 0.53 (0.25, 0.92) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.18) |
| Current | 701 | 1.10 (0.84, 1.49) | 9.6 (5.7, 15.2) | 1.21 (0.84, 1.88) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.21) | 685 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 4.8 (3.1, 7.8) | 0.53 (0.24, 1.07) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.19) |
| P | 0.27 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.09 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.76 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||
| No HS | 332 | 1.03 (0.82, 1.42) | 12.7 (7.9, 18.3) | 1.19 (0.78, 1.86) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.22) | 198 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.17) | 5.8 (3.6, 9.6) | 0.39 (0.13, 0.88) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.27) |
| Some HS | 410 | 1.11 (0.85, 1.50) | 8.3 (5.1, 14.3) | 1.08 (0.68, 1.70) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.24) | 341 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.22) | 4.5 (2.9, 7.6) | 0.34 (0.15, 0.86) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.25) |
| Completed HS | 960 | 1.11 (0.88, 1.49) | 7.9 (4.9, 13.1) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.39) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.21) | 1254 | 1.00 (0.87, 1.13) | 4.1 (2.8, 6.6) | 0.47 (0.24, 0.85) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.18) |
| P | 0.008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||||
| < 25 | 308 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.51) | 10.5 (5.8, 16.5) | 1.27 (0.84, 1.95) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.21) | 423 | 1.04 (0.92, 1.21) | 4.2 (2.9, 6.8) | 0.38 (0.15, 0.85) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.21) |
| 25–29 | 600 | 1.08 (0.85, 1.45) | 8.8 (5.3, 14.7) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.63) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22) | 522 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) | 4.3 (2.9, 7.1) | 0.50 (0.23, 0.96) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.20) |
| ≥ 30 | 794 | 1.08 (0.86, 1.49) | 8.4 (5.0, 13.6) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.38) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22) | 848 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.13) | 4.4 (2.9, 7.2) | 0.43 (0.22, 0.81) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.19) |
| P | 0.20 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.99 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.001 | 0.02 | ||
| Study region | ||||||||||
| Arizona | 168 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.44) | 14.7 (9.8, 20.2) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.16) | 0.21 (0.12, 0.34) | 181 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | 7.7 (5.3, 12.8) | 0.40 (0.18, 0.83) | 0.20 (0.11, 0.39) |
| Oklahoma | 582 | 1.22 (0.97, 1.64) | 5.3 (3.6, 7.7) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.23) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.16) | 758 | 1.00 (0.87, 1.12) | 3.8 (2.6, 5.5) | 0.46 (0.23, 0.83) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.17) |
| N/S Dakota | 952 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.40) | 10.9 (7.1, 16.1) | 1.16 (0.77, 1.80) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.21) | 854 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 4.5 (2.9, 7.5) | 0.42 (0.18, 0.88) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.18) |
| P eGFR, mL/minute/1.73m2 |
<0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.14 | <0.001 | ||
| ≥ 60 | 1553 | 1.09 (0.85, 1.47) | 9.0 (5.5, 14.6) | 1.00 (0.64, 1.57) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22) | 1716 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 4.3 (2.9, 7.1) | 0.43 (0.19, 0.85) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.19) |
| < 60 | 149 | 1.14 (0.94, 1.49) | 7.4 (4.6, 13.7) | 1.07 (0.61, 1.79) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.21) | 77 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.02) | 4.6 (3.0, 7.2) | 0.62 (0.34, 0.89) | 0.10 (0.06, 0.17) |
| P | 0.12 | 0.005 | 0.45 | 0.57 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.003 | 0.28 | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||||||
| No DM | 1027 | 1.09 (0.88, 1.46) | 8.4 (5.1, 13.8) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.63) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.21) | |||||
| DM | 675 | 1.10 (0.83, 1.49) | 9.5 (5.9, 15.5) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.52) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.23) | |||||
| P | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.005 | ||||||
Abbreviations: LTL, leucocyte telomere length; IQR, interquartile range; HS, high school; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; DM, diabetes mellitus;
P, p-value.
P-values obtained by Kruskal-Wallis tests.