Table 2.
Geometric mean ratios (95% confidence intervals) of leukocyte telomere length associated with urine arsenic, cadmium and tungsten concentrations among Strong Heart Study participants (n=1,702) and among Strong Heart Family Study participants (n=1,793).
| Strong Heart Study | Strong Heart Family Study | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Model 1 | Model 2 | n | Model | Model 2 | |
| ΣAs | ||||||
| Tertil1 | 567 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 601 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Tertil2 | 568 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 596 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) |
| P value | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.61 | 0.55 | ||
| Tertil3 | 567 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | 596 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.81 | ||
| p90 vs. p10* | 1702 | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | 0.85 (0.79, 0.92) | 1793 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 0.80 | ||
| Cd | ||||||
| Tertil1 | 573 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 599 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Tertil2 | 563 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 598 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) |
| P value | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.72 | 0.78 | ||
| Tertil3 | 566 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 596 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
| P value | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.50 | ||
| p90 vs. p10* | 1702 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) | 0.91 (0.84, 1.00) | 1793 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| P value | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.47 | ||
| W | ||||||
| Tertil1 | 573 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 606 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Tertil2 | 564 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 593 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
| P value | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.18 | 0.25 | ||
| Tertil3 | 565 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 594 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
| P value | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.69 | 0.53 | ||
| p90 vs. p10* | 1702 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 1793 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
| P value | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.59 | 0.40 | ||
Model 1 adjusted for age (years), sex and educational level (< high school, some high school, completed high school).
Model 2 further adjusted for smoking status (never, former, current), body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/minute per 1.73m2) and diabetes mellitus (yes, no, only in SHS models).
In the SHS, the tertiles cutoffs are 6.4 and 12.4 μg/g for ΣAs, 0.74 and 1.30 μg/g for Cd, and 0.08 and 0.17 μg/g for W.
In the SHFS, the tertiles cutoffs are 3.3 and 5.8 μg/g for ΣAs, 0.27 and 0.67 μg/g for Cd, and 0.07 and 0.15 μg/g for W.
90th and the 10th percentiles obtained from the distribution resulted from combining the corresponding SHS and SHFS metal distributions.
The 90th and the 10th percentiles are 17.4 and 2.5 μg/g for ΣAs; 2.00 and 0.16 μg/g for Cd; and 0.41 and 0.04 μg/g for W.