Control experiments showing no nonspecific effect of shRNA lentivirus injection on behavior and gene expression. A, Time course of behavioral training. Gadd45γ knockdown had no effect on fear acquisition (B) and short memory when tested 2 h post-training (C; N = 8 per group). Open-field test results show that there is no effect of on generalized anxiety as measured by time spent in the center of the open field (D) or the number of entries to the center zone (E); likewise, there is no effect on locomotion (F; N = 7–8 per group). G, Time course of behavioral training. Compared with PBS injection, lenti-viral transduction itself had on effect on mRNA expression of (H) Gadd45α, (I) Gadd45β, and (J) Gadd45γ (N = 4 per group). K, Additionally, Gadd45α shRNA had no effect on other two family members. L, Gadd45β shRNA had no effect on other two family members and (M) Gadd45γ shRNA had no effect on other two family members (N = 3 per group for K–M). PreCS, Contextual freezing before first CS; AvgCS, average freezing at test. Error bars represent SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.