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. 2019 Feb 6;39(6):1119–1134. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1913-18.2018

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Copyright © 2019 Holt et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 2. — Beta frequency stimulation does not consistently modulate STN activity on the order of seconds but does modulate STN unit firing patterns. Beta frequency stimulation did not affect beta power or firing rate over the entire recording but did alter spike timing, as seen in peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). A, Average ± SEM power spectra aligned to the peak beta frequency shows spectral activity calculated across the entire recording did not change significantly with beta frequency Stim ON across eight patients. A prominent beta peak was seen in Stim OFF (black) and Stim ON (red) conditions. B, There was no significant difference in peak beta power (peak beta frequency ± 3 Hz) relative to 5–45 Hz with stimulation (red; n = 8 patients, W = 65, p = 0.798, Wilcoxon ranked sum test). C, There was no significant difference in total wide band beta frequency power (8–35 Hz) relative to 5–45 Hz with stimulation (n = 8 patients, W = 62 p = 0.574, Wilcoxon ranked sum test). D, There was no significant difference in firing rates of putative subthalamic units between Stim OFF and Stim ON periods (n = 19 units, W = 498, p = 0.953, Wilcoxon ranked sum test). Circles indicate cells classified as single units, squares multiunits. E, G, I, PSTHs, using 1 ms wide bins, from nine example STN units (single or multiunits) across seven patients. Beta frequency stimulation was applied at 0.25 mA (E), 1 mA (G), and 1.5 mA (I). Spikes were detected from microelectrode recordings in the STN; representative examples of raw unit data during three consecutive electrical stimuli are shown above each PSTH (black, raw trace; red arrow, stimulation; green line, detected spike). F, H, J, Average (±SD) PSTH in response to 0.25 mA (7 units, 3 patients), 1 mA (3 units, 2 patients), and 1.5 mA (8 units, 4 patients) stimulation.