Figure 3.

Retrieval-relearning improves human visual paired-associate memory performance. A, Previously weakly learned paired associates were retrieved and/or relearned after 2 d, and tested again 2 d later. B, Test performance was increased by retrieval-relearning, but also by relearning-retrieval. C, When the same experience was repeated, only relearning-relearning improved memory performance. D, When the interval between retrieval and relearning was increased to 6 h, the memory-strengthening effect of retrieval-relearning was decreased, but that of relearning-retrieval was not. E, When participants were instructed to verbalize the answer at the retrieval session, there was no beneficial effect of the retrieval when conducted before relearning. Data are presented as the mean strengthening score (test performance − learning performance) +/− SEM.