Table 2.

Theoretical implications of the DFPM at different levels of analysis.

Level of analysis	Corresponding implications
Basic psychological needs (of children)	RFP: interpersonal relatedness AFP: social belonging and collective identity
Structural properties of parent–child relationship	RFP: horizontal relationship between two individuals AFP: vertical relationship based on family role hierarchy
Social change	RFP: core aspect of filial relations (relatively free from the impact of social change) AFP: changing aspect of filial relations
Cross-cultural comparison	RFP: psychological prototype of filial relations (deep structure) AFP: cultural prototype of filial relations (surface structure)

RFP, reciprocal filial piety; AFP, authoritarian filial piety. Adapted from Tsao and Yeh (2019).