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. 2019 Apr 25;1054:84–94. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.023

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© 2019 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 2 — Formation of methylpiperazine (MPPZ) derivative of phenolic estrogens; showing an example of derivatization of 17β-estradiol with 1-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (PPZ) in the presence of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) followed by reaction with methyl iodide (CH₃I) to create the charged moiety.