FIG 2.

Inhibition of autophagy suppresses the influenza virus protein expression. (A to C) A549 cells treated with the LY294002, siATG5, or siBECN1 were mock infected or infected with the HM/06 virus. Cell lysates were harvested and analyzed by Western blotting (an asterisk next to the blot indicates the protein). (D and E) A549 cells were pretreated with LY294002 or siATG5 and mock infected or infected with the HM/06 virus. Cell lysates were collected at 12, 24, and 36 hpi. Then, total RNA was extracted, and the levels of NP gene vRNA, cRNA, and mRNA were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. GAPDH was used as a control for the normalization of cellular mRNA and intracellular viral RNA. Means and SD (error bars) were determined for triplicates of three independent experiments, and values were standardized to the levels of control-treated or siNC-infected cells at 12 hpi (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001).